scholarly journals Reimagining the Mughal Emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb in the 21st Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-161
Author(s):  
Osama Amin
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Political Narrative

The paper focuses on the reigns and policies of the two Mughal Emperors, Akbar and Aurangzeb, and analyses how they have been remembered in the wider social memory. While Akbar is glorified as a 'secular' and 'liberal' leader, Aurangzeb is often dismissed and ridiculed as a 'religious bigot', who tried to impose the Shari'ah law in diversified India. The paper traces and evaluates the construction of these two grand narratives which were initially formed by the British historians in colonial India and then continued by specific nationalist historians of India and Pakistan, after the independence of the two nation-states. By citing some of the most popular misconceptions surrounding the two Mughal Emperors, this study attempts to understand the policies of these two emperors in a wider socio-political narrative and attempts to deconstruct these ‘convenient’ misinterpretations. Concluding the analysis of how these two emperors are viewed differently in both India and Pakistan, the paper asserts the importance of leaving behind the modern concepts of 'liberal versus conservative' while understanding these emperors and reinforces the practice to understand these historical figures on their own terms. 

Terrorism Manifestations

2014 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. White
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Unconventional Warfare ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
The Media ◽  
Large Groups

This chapter examines the tactical aspects of terrorism. It begins by focusing on the nature of war and conflict in the 21st century, suggesting that technology, economic structures, and communication have changed the way war is waged. It argues that small groups of aggrieved people may conduct campaigns of unconventional warfare against individual nations or international alliances. Although such violence is manifested in many ways, it is typically labeled as “terrorism.” The chapter also demonstrates how large groups and nation states may participate in terrorist activities by either using terrorist tactics or supporting terrorist groups. The next part of the chapter focuses on the specific actions that constitute the tactics of terrorism, examining tactical innovations within various campaigns. The chapter concludes with an analysis of tactical force multipliers, and it introduces the role of the media within this context.

The Essence of Security Sciences

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-123
Author(s):  
Andrzej Czupryński
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Human Personality ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Freedom And Responsibility

We live in a world of great opportunities, but also of boundless demands. It is generally agreed that the 21st century would be a century of culture. Globalization of culture is an important element of social globalization. This process should be understood as a formation of various relationships and dependencies between societies and their cultures. Globalization of culture entails a change in values and norms, a disturbance of social memory, and shallow culture. Presently culture has become a consumer culture, and it is created by the world of media and the Internet. The article is an important voice in a wider discussion on the impact of cultural globalism on human security. The author is convinced that cultural globalism to the greatest extent affects human personality and social hazards. An important part of it is the description of personal security, in which human subjectivity, freedom and responsibility of cultural threats play a significant role.

Terrorism Manifestations

2016 ◽  
pp. 425-440
Author(s):  
Jonathan R. White
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Unconventional Warfare ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Terrorist Groups ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
The Media ◽  
Large Groups

This chapter examines the tactical aspects of terrorism. It begins by focusing on the nature of war and conflict in the 21st century, suggesting that technology, economic structures, and communication have changed the way war is waged. It argues that small groups of aggrieved people may conduct campaigns of unconventional warfare against individual nations or international alliances. Although such violence is manifested in many ways, it is typically labeled as “terrorism.” The chapter also demonstrates how large groups and nation states may participate in terrorist activities by either using terrorist tactics or supporting terrorist groups. The next part of the chapter focuses on the specific actions that constitute the tactics of terrorism, examining tactical innovations within various campaigns. The chapter concludes with an analysis of tactical force multipliers, and it introduces the role of the media within this context.

Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa Virdee
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
British India ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Indus Valley ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

Pakistan: A Very Short Introduction describes Pakistan as one of the two-nation-states of the Indian subcontinent that emerged in 1947. It looks at the ancient past to understand the complex tapestry of linguistic, ethnic, political, and cultural identities and tensions of the region today. The region of the Indus valley has a 4,000-year-old history and is considered the site of one of the earliest riverine civilizations in the world. The modern nation of Pakistan was created as a postcolonial homeland for the Muslims of British India. This VSI also considers the challenges of the 21st century and the future of Pakistan.

Cultural Globalization and Human Security

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Andrzej Pieczywok
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Social Memory ◽  
Human Security ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cultural Globalization ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Freedom And Responsibility

We live in a world of great opportunities, but also of boundless demands. It is generally agreed that the 21st century would be a century of culture. Globalization of culture is an important element of social globalization. This process should be understood as a formation of various relationships and dependencies between societies and their cultures. Globalization of culture entails a change in values and norms, a disturbance of social memory, and shallow culture. Presently culture has become a consumer culture, and it is created by the world of media and the Internet. The article is an important voice in a wider discussion on the impact of cultural globalism on human security. The author is convinced that cultural globalism to the greatest extent affects human personality and social hazards. An important part of it is the description of personal security, in which human subjectivity, freedom and responsibility of cultural threats play a significant role.

Development and perspectives of the global and European security environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (38) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Petr Rožňák
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
European Security ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
The Impact

The development of globalization at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century shows that unpredictable economic factors and new trends have a decisive influence on its course. Examples include continued sustained efforts to change the balance of power, the relativization of the Soviet Union’s share in the defeat of Hitler’s Nazi Great German Empire, the growing influence of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, turbulent developments in Belarus, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these trends, a new global system of international economic, political, social and security relations is being created. The current, dynamically and rapidly changing world brings many positive, but also many negative facts, which are manifested in various areas of human life and society. This is evidenced by the existing and ubiquitous threats and risks that prove it necessary to put security issues first. The author reflects on the current development of the security environment and the degree of threat to the security of the nation states of the Visegrad Group on the threshold of the third decade of the 21st century. The aim is to answer the question: a) Is the security environment changing: a) for better, or b) for worse? The article points out the role of the main security actors and possible changes in the security environment.

scholarly journals AT THE NATION-STATE’S EDGE: CENTRE–PERIPHERY RELATIONS IN POST-1947 SOUTH ASIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 509-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELISABETH LEAKE
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Colonial India ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
History Of ◽  
Autonomy Movements

ABSTRACTThis article examines centre–periphery relations in post-colonial India and Pakistan, providing a specific comparative history of autonomy movements in Nagaland (1947–63) and Baluchistan (1973–7). It highlights the key role played by the central government – particularly by Jawaharlal Nehru and Zulfikar Ali Bhutto – in quelling both insurgencies and in taking further steps to integrate these regions. It argues that a shared colonial history of political autonomy shaped local actors’ resistance to integration into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan. This article also reveals that Indian and Pakistani officials used their shared colonial past in very different ways to mould their borderlands policies. India's central government under Nehru agreed to a modified Naga State within the Indian Union that allowed the Nagas a large degree of autonomy, continuing a colonial method of semi-integration. In contrast, Bhutto's government actively sought to abandon long-standing Baluch political and social structures to reaffirm the sovereignty of the Pakistani state. The article explains this divergence in terms of the different governing exigencies facing each country at the time of the insurgencies. It ultimately calls for an expansion in local histories and subnational comparisons to extend understanding of post-1947 South Asia, and the decolonizing world more broadly.

scholarly journals A Maud of her own: re-visioning L.M. Montgomery’s “Western Eden” in Melanie Fishbane’s historical fiction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Young
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Fiction ◽  
Historical Novel ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Major Research ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Young Adult Novel ◽  
Revisionist History

This major research paper considers the connection between the genre of historical fiction and the complex dynamics of revisionist history in Melanie Fishbane’s young adult novel Maud: A Novel inspired by the Life of L.M. Montgomery (2017). More specifically, this study critically examines how Fishbane appropriates L.M. Montgomery’s Western Canadian writings for her own purposes to update complex social realities and sensibilities in her historical novel. Because Montgomery’s personal and fictional writings reveal a deeply conflicted and contradictory ideological stance on race issues, particularly where Indigenous peoples are concerned, which may frustrate or alienate 21st century mass readership, Fishbane opted to make her character, Maud, more sympathetic towards the plight of the Indigenous peoples in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan; this revisionist approach, I argue, has potential to gloss over the real Montgomery’s more problematic and more heteroglossic representations on race. This study’s findings indicate that the revisionist nature of historical fiction, moulded by the new context in which it is written, influences the way that texts and historical figures, like L.M. Montgomery are re-imagined and re-written.

Citizenship and Membership Duties Toward Quasi-Citizens

2017 ◽  
pp. 816-837
Author(s):  
Rogers Smith
Keyword(s):  
Financial Aid ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Duties ◽  
Special Relationships ◽  
Regional Partnerships

In the 20th century, nation-states became the dominant form of political community around the world. Yet, aided by transportation and communications innovations, many 21st century states are forming regional partnerships; accepting dual or multiple national and transnational citizenships; and granting forms of “quasi-citizenship” to many who reside outside their boundaries but still have special relationships with those states, or who reside within them without full citizenship. What are states’ duties to the residents of their regional partners, to their former colonies, and to those who hold forms of “quasi-citizenship”? Many obligations arise from treaties and statutes. But constitutional democracies also have moral duties toward those whose identities and aspirations they have substantially shaped through their coercively enforced policies. Those duties may include obligations to provide financial aid, to permit immigration, to grant regional or group political autonomy, to extend full formal citizenship, to offer opportunities for voice and contestation, or any of a range of other options.

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