Development and perspectives of the global and European security environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (38) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Petr Rožňák
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
European Security ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The Third ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
The Impact

The development of globalization at the beginning of the third decade of the 21st century shows that unpredictable economic factors and new trends have a decisive influence on its course. Examples include continued sustained efforts to change the balance of power, the relativization of the Soviet Union’s share in the defeat of Hitler’s Nazi Great German Empire, the growing influence of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation, turbulent developments in Belarus, as well as the impact of COVID-19 pandemic. Based on these trends, a new global system of international economic, political, social and security relations is being created. The current, dynamically and rapidly changing world brings many positive, but also many negative facts, which are manifested in various areas of human life and society. This is evidenced by the existing and ubiquitous threats and risks that prove it necessary to put security issues first. The author reflects on the current development of the security environment and the degree of threat to the security of the nation states of the Visegrad Group on the threshold of the third decade of the 21st century. The aim is to answer the question: a) Is the security environment changing: a) for better, or b) for worse? The article points out the role of the main security actors and possible changes in the security environment.

Of numbers, narratives and challenges: Data as evidence in 21st century policy-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1043-1055
Author(s):  
Gaby Umbach
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Use ◽  
The Third ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Science Advice ◽  
Governance Tools ◽  
The Impact

This article1 offers reflections on the use of data as evidence in 21st century policy-making. It discusses the concept of evidence-informed policy-making (EIPM) as well as the governance and knowledge effects of data as evidence. With this focus, it interlinks the analysis of statistics and politics. The paper first introduces the concept of EIPM and the impact of evidence use. Here it focusses on science and knowledge as resources in policy-making, on the institutionalisation of science advice and on the translation of information and knowledge into evidence. The second part of the article reflects on data as evidence. This part concentrates on abstract and concrete functions of data as governance tools in policy-making, on data as a robust form of evidence and on the effects of data on knowledge and governance. The third part highlights challenges for data as evidence in policy-making, among them, politicisation, transparency, and diversity as well as objectivity and contestation. Finally, the last part draws conclusions on the production and use of data as evidence in EIPM. Throughout the second part of the reflections, reference is made to Walter Radermacher’s 2019 matrix of actors and activities related to data, facts, and policy published in this journal.

International processes in Latin America: the legacy of the Comintern and new challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-125
Author(s):  
Anton Andreev ◽  
◽  
Daria Pravdiuk
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Third ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
The Impact

The activities of the Third (Communist) International left a noticeable mark on the political history of Latin America. His ideological, organizational legacy remains a factor in shaping the theory and practice of contemporary leftist governments in the region. This article examines the impact of the legacy of the Comintern on international processes in Latin America, the development of integration projects, foreign policy projects of the left forces of the region. On the basis of archival documents, media materials, documents of parties and governments, the authors show which of the foreign policy guidelines of the Comintern are relevant for the region in the 21st century.

scholarly journals The Impact of Indian myth on Occidental selected Poems

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (120) ◽  
pp. 61-90
Author(s):  
فادي بطرس كرومي حبش
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
American Poetry ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
The Waste Land ◽  
Waste Land ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

The current study deals with the impact and influence of the Indian myth on western literature in general and on the British and American poetry in particular. The concept of myth and its origin is somehow shadowy and ambiguous. At the same time, it penetrates all the various aspects of human life. Myth overtakes all the borders to become an international heritage for human civilization. Four poems have been chosen: T S Eliot’s  The Waste Land, William Butler Yeats’s Supernatural Songs, Anashuya and Vijaya and Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Brahma. This paper falls into three sections. The first one concentrates on the definition and concept of myth, its origin, its development, and its different types. Also, it concentrates on the two Indian myths kinds, namely; the Hindu and the Buddhist. Then, it tackles the relation between myth and literature, beside the way in which myth becomes an adherent part of human heritage. The second part analyzes texts from Occidental selected poems. The Indian myth takes part in reshaping and building the context and structure of the poem to give a meaning to their atmosphere of the poem itself. The third section deals with the most important findings of the research.

scholarly journals Is the “show-the-flag” strategy relevant for Visegrad countries in securing the EU?

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (54) ◽  
pp. 223-246
Author(s):  
Hana N. Hlaváčková ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
European Security ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Visegrád Countries ◽  
The Eu

The European security environment has changed and the EU has become more independent in its security policy. New threats faced by the EU in 2014 (the migration crises) and other remaining threats (such as terrorism, organised crime, piracy) need solving by its greater involvement in the region. One problem that the EU tries to solve is the inconsistency of member states in security issues. In this article, we focus on the V4 group and their opinions towards EU security. This article examines strategies adopted by small/new EU member states to protect European borders and European territories and regions outside the EU that affect their security. For a long time, the V4 countries only participated sporadically in EU missions. The article shows what changes took place and what were the reasons for the decision to participate or not in the EU activities. The article raises the question of whether the show-the-flag strategy adopted by the V4 countries and their participation in EU missions is relevant for ensuring European security nowadays.

DESTABILIZING EUROPE: RUSSIA’S HYBRID WARFARE

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Borys Parakhonsky ◽  
Galina Yavorska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The European Union is in a political and security crisis. The crisis tends to become existential, which undermines the future of the EU as an integration project. The conflict of values between liberal democracy and authoritarianism is becoming an important factor in international security. Negative current trends in the international security environment increase risks for the EU. In its foreign policy the EU does not demonstrate the ability to speak with one voice. It does not support EU’s ambition to be a global international actor. Within the EU, centrifugal tendencies and Euroscepticism appear to be gaining ground. Among the destructive external and internal factors affecting European security, the hybrid threat posed by Moscow’s ambitious plans and aggressive actions is at the forefront. These actions are aimed at undermining democracies, international solidarity and security. Russia is systematically acting to destabilize the EU, using a set of means of destructive influence, trying to undermine European unity both externally and internally. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, operations in Syria and Libya, interference in domestic processes in the EU, etc., are exacerbating destructive trends in the European security environment. In this con- text, the EU faces the need to increase its resilience, as a tool to deter destructive actions of the Russian Federation and a means to mitigate their effect. The purpose of the article is to analyze the causes and consequences of Russia’s  hybrid influence against the EU, plus to identify the means of Russia’s destructive impact, such as the spread of misinformation, active special operations, energy pressure, etc. The article examines the imperatives of Russian foreign policy, the impact of the value crisis on the European project and its future, as well as obstacles to strategic dialogue between the EU and Russia. Europe returns to searching for its collective European identity, discussing revitalization of the global European narrative. Maintaining a system of liberal democratic values is a key precondition for the future of the EU in order to avoid the risk of disintegration of the European Union. Sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, its national security could be guaranteed only by full-fledged integration into the European political, economic and security space. Europe’s hesitations regarding the European perspective for Ukraine, which arise under pressure from the Kremlin and internal contradictions in the EU, negatively affect the security environment  in Europe.

THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THEIR APPROACH TO SECURITY ISSUES

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
Ján Marek ◽  
Pavel Bučka
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
International Security ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
Political Differences

In the 21st century, security is being discussed very often and extensively throughout the world it is one of the highest values in the life of all mankind and in the personal life of every human being. Although there are great historical, cultural and political differences between continents or even between regions we can say that humanity as a whole has experienced many historical stages characterized by concern for safety or even survival was at the top of the imaginary scale of values. Opposite that period of calm and reduced concerns about the security of states or even the whole world used to be, unfortunately, rarer and also shorter. Opinions on security have undergone a rich historical development, which has resulted in a number of established concepts that are commonly used in discussions on this topic. It follows that in the study of international security relations, it is essential that we use the most important terms and at the same time show that the meaning and content of these terms are often explained from different angles. It is therefore very important to examine the various theories of international relations and their approach to security issues.

scholarly journals The Impact of Globalization on the Security Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
Ionuț Alin Cîrdei
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Complex Phenomenon ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Globalization is a particularly complex phenomenon that marked the twentieth century and the beginning of the 21st century, bringing about transformations at the level of the entire human society. This phenomenon produces profound, and sometimes irreversible, changes in all areas and imposes an alert rhythm for the existence of all mankind, which must keep pace with globalization in order to maintain its chances of development in an increasingly competitive world. In the last decades, we witness the manifestation of the effects of globalization in the field of individual and collective security, with great implications on the relations between different actors of the security environment. Globalization creates new opportunities, but at the same time it gives rise to new vulnerabilities and allows the emergence of new threats that, once materialized, can have a major impact at a regional or even global level.

scholarly journals Digital resocialisation of the elderly people in the territorial centre of social services

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3 (132)) ◽  
pp. 173-179
Author(s):  
Andrii Karkach
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Educational Environment ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Third Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

The relevance of the study is stipulated by the fact that modern digital technologies are radically changing the economy and lifestyle in general. The information society determines the transformation of social structure, revision of patterns of social activities and stereotypes of behaviour, strategies and tactics of adaptation. Today's information technology and software encourages our society to accelerate in order to learn more and keep up with the scientific and technological progress. Under such conditions, the people of the "third" age appear to be the most vulnerable ones. Without social services and educational services, they are not able to independently master the array of innovative knowledge, including e-technology. Nowadays, a good command of the basics of the personal computer, E-technologies is becoming a necessary condition for orientation in the information flow and successful resocialisation and adaptation of the elderly people in the modern society, for overcoming digital inequality, immersion into the global information flows. The purpose of the study is to determine the features of the mechanisms enabling digital resocialisation of the elderly people within the educational environment of the University of the Third Age. The method of questionnaire survey was used to collect data, as this form of survey has an advantage – it allows respondents to carefully consider their answers without limiting their time. The article characterises and identifies the features of the impact of digital resocialisation mechanisms on the elderly within the educational environment of the University of the Third Age functioning on the platform of the territorial centre of social services (the one which provides social services). Different approaches to the mechanisms of digitalisation are presented, the importance of the University of the Third Age as an institution of digital resocialisation of elderly students is substantiated. The adaptability of the educational environment of the University of the Third Age as a resocialisation space, motivational components of the elderly have been determined, which allows the latter to realise the essential properties of the human personality at a respectable age. A social role of the digital resocialisation is transmitted through its contribution to the improvement of the quality of human life. The use of e-technologies can be considered one of the topical problems of social work with the elderly. There is still no consensus on the extent or impact of digital stratification on the process of resocialisation at an old age, which may be considered the prospect of our further research.

scholarly journals The U.S. and the UK in the United Nations: The Impact of the Special Relationship (2001 – 2017)

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-106
Author(s):  
A. O. Mamedova
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regional Conflicts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Invasion Of Iraq

Currently U.S.-UK cooperation in the UN does no attract as much attention as it deserves. Despite a conspicuous disparity in the countries’ military and economic might, they have maintained close ties for more than seventy years, which inevitably affects their position in the UN. The allies’ role in the 2003 invasion of Iraq cast suspicion on their activities in the organization. In the early 21st century, the UN itself was faced with a number of challenges, such as terrorism and regional conflicts; U.S. frustration with its effectiveness led to some reform efforts.Covering the years 2001 – 2017, the article consists of three parts. The first part focuses on quantitative and qualitative parameters determining the U.S.’s and the UK’s roles in the UN and compares their approaches to it. The second part discusses the activity of American and British permanent representatives to the UN, based on their memoirs and interviews. The third part analyses some examples of cooperation and competition in the UN. The list of examples is illustrative rather than comprehensive given the existence of the special relationship.The analysis of U.S.-UK cooperation in the UN reveals its ambiguous nature, but it does not serve to debunk the myth of the special relationship. The cooperation is largely pragmatic.

scholarly journals Russia in the Digital World: International Competition and Leadership

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-85
Author(s):  
Andrei O. Bezrukov ◽  
Mikhail V. Mamonov ◽  
Maxim A. Suchkov ◽  
Andrei A. Sushentsov
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
21St Century ◽  
State Policies ◽  
International Competition ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
The Third ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Impact

Technology has become one of the most important spheres in the race for power in the 21st century. The two main technology ecosystems—the American and the Chinese—have clearly taken shape by the beginning of the third decade of this century. A dilemma for Russia in this regard is whether to join one of the existing ecosystems or develop one of its own. The paper critically examines the impact of contemporary trends in the digital domain on international relations and state policies, weighs up Russia’s competitive advantages and the challenges in this domain, and charts a strategy that Moscow should follow in the modern world of digital competition.

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