High Chronic Ambient Temperature Stress Effects on Broiler Acid-Base Balance and Their Response to Supplemental Ammonium Chloride, Potassium Chloride, and Potassium Carbonate

Twenty paired samples of arterial and renal venous plasma, collected simultaneously from dogs in ammonium chloride acidosis, were analyzed by column chromatography for 23 α-amino acids. Fifteen additional paired samples from dogs in acute metabolic alkalosis were similarly analyzed. In ammonium chloride acidosis, glutamine plus asparagine, glycine, citrulline, tryptophan, and proline are extracted from renal blood plasma. Alanine, serine, glutamic acid, cystine, and ornithine are added to renal venous plasma. The addition of glutamic and aspartic acids amounts only to 4% of the extraction of glutamine plus asparagine. It is, therefore, probable that both α-amino and amide nitrogens are removed from the parent amide molecules. In acute metabolic alkalosis, the extraction of glutamine plus asparagine is halved, on an average. The extraction of glycine and the addition of alanine and serine are essentially unchanged. Therefore, only the extraction of glutamine plus asparagine varies to a quantitatively significant degree with changes in acid-base balance which markedly alter the rate of excretion of ammonia.

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Differentiation of the effects of protein status and acid-base balance on the appetite of sheep for lucerne silage

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600068866 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 118 (2) ◽

pp. 249-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

L. E. Phillip ◽

M. V. Simpson

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Food Intake ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Protein Status ◽

Base Balance ◽

Voluntary Intake

SUMMARYFive cross-bred Suffolk lambs (liveweight 24–29 kg) were fed lucerne silage and made acidotic or offered supplemental protein with the objective of determining the effects of acidosis and amino acid undersupply on food intake from silage. In this study, at McGill University, Quebec, Canada in January 1989, lucerne silage (25% DM) was supplemented with equimolar amounts (450 mmol/kg DM) of ammonium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate; fishmeal was added at 100 g/kg silage DM. The lambs were fedad libitumaccording to a 5 × 5 Latin square with 21-day periods.Digestibility of organic matter (OM) from silage ranged from 78 to 82% and was not significantly affected by diet (P> 0·05). Voluntary intake of digestible organic matter (DOM) from silage was. Fishmeal supplementation of lucerne silage improved nitrogen retention (P> 0·05) but not intake of DOM. The addition of ammonium chloride to silage reduced blood concentration (p< 0·05) and urinary output of HCO3, increased ammonia excretion in urine (P< 0·05), and depressed intake of DOM (P< 0·05). Ammonium bicarbonate also reduced voluntary intake of DOM (P< 0·05) but had no significant effect (P> 0·05) on the acid-base status of the lambs. Sodium bicarbonate depressed food intake but had no significant effect on measures of acid-base balance.The results suggest that metabolic acidosis is not an underlying mechanism restricting food intake by sheep and that neither acid-base imbalance nor inadequate protein status is likely to explain the limitation in food intake from ensiled lucerne.

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Complementary role of citrate and bicarbonate excretion in acid-base balance in the rat

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1988.255.1.f182 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 255 (1) ◽

pp. F182-F187 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. M. Kaufman ◽

T. Kahn

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Potassium Chloride ◽

Metabolic Alkalosis ◽

Reciprocal Relationship ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Bicarbonate Concentration ◽

Acid Base ◽

Plasma Bicarbonate ◽

Chloride Depletion ◽

Base Balance

Studies were performed to evaluate whether alterations in the excretion of citrate, a metabolic precursor of bicarbonate, play a quantitatively important role in acid-base balance during bicarbonate feeding in the rat. Potassium depletion (K-DEPL), chloride depletion (Cl-DEPL), or potassium plus chloride depletion (KCl-DEPL) was produced by eliminating potassium, chloride, or potassium chloride from the diet. After 3 days of depletion, sodium bicarbonate (4,000 mueq/24 h) was added to the diet for 7 days. In all groups plasma bicarbonate concentration increased minimally during bicarbonate administration and was similar to normal controls receiving bicarbonate. In K-DEPL, citrate excretion was less than normal but bicarbonate excretion was greater than normal. In Cl-DEPL, bicarbonate excretion was less than normal but citrate excretion was greater than normal. In KCl-DEPL, bicarbonate and citrate excretion were similar to normal. Sodium bicarbonate was also administered to K-DEPL and KCl-DEPL rats in which plasma bicarbonate concentration averaged 32.9 meq/1. The reciprocal relationship between citrate and bicarbonate excretion was not altered by the profound metabolic alkalosis. Again, plasma bicarbonate concentration changed little with sodium bicarbonate administration. These studies suggest that the ability to excrete a base load remains intact despite potassium or chloride depletion or metabolic alkalosis. Complementary alterations of citrate and bicarbonate excretion play an important role in acid-base balance under these conditions.

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THE ACTION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE, AMMONIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM BICARBONATE ON THE TOTAL ACID-BASE BALANCE OF A CASE OF CHRONIC NEPHRITIS WITH EDEMA

Journal of Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1172/jci100238 ◽

1929 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 465-486 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Fuller Albright ◽

Walter Bauer

Keyword(s):

Sodium Chloride ◽

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Total Acid ◽

Chronic Nephritis ◽

Base Balance

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A High Roughage/Concentrate Ratio Decreases the Effect of Ammonium Chloride on Acid-Base Balance in Horses

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/136.7.2048s ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 136 (7) ◽

pp. 2048S-2049S ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ellen Kienzle ◽

Klaus Stürmer ◽

Dietmar Ranz ◽

Marcus Clauss

Keyword(s):

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance

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THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE BUFFERS ON MILK PRODUCTION AND ACID-BASE BALANCE IN LACTATING DAIRY COWS

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas90-106 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 875-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. J. McKINNON ◽

D. A. CHRISTENSEN ◽

B. LAARVELD

Keyword(s):

Sodium Bicarbonate ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Ammonium Chloride ◽

Milk Production ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Urine Ph ◽

Base Balance

Two 4 × 4 Latin square feeding trials were conducted to investigate the influence of 0.75% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), 0.75% potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3) and 0.66% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on production and acid-base parameters of dairy cows. Buffer supplementation did not improve feed intake or milk production compared to the control ration of 50% concentrate, 50% barley silage (DM basis). Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, acid detergent fiber and crude protein were not influenced by treatment. Buffer supplementation resulted in an increase in milk fat and total solids content in trial 2 but not in trial 1. In comparison to the two buffered rations, NH4Cl induced a mild form of acidosis as evidenced from reduced (P < 0.05) blood pH, HCO3, BE and urine pH values in trial 1 and blood HCO3 and urine pH in trial 2. In addition, DM and concentrate intake were reduced in trial 2 with NH4Cl supplementation. Treatment did not affect the molar proportions of the major rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA). It is concluded that milk fat production did not respond as expected to buffer supplementation due to a failure to influence the pattern of rumen VFA production. The control ration did not stress the acid-base homeostasis of the animal. Consequently, buffer supplementation did not lead to any improvement in systemic acid-base status. Key words: Dairy cattle, milk production, potassium and sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, acid-base balance

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