Investigation of possible underlying mechanisms behind water-induced glucose reduction in adults with high copeptin

Elevated copeptin, a surrogate marker of vasopressin, is linked to low water intake and increased diabetes risk. Water supplementation in habitual low-drinkers with high copeptin significantly lowers both fasting plasma (fp) copeptin and glucose. This study aims at investigating possible underlying mechanisms. Thirty-one healthy adults with high copeptin (> 10.7 pmol·L−1 (men), > 6.1 pmol−1 (women)) and 24-h urine volume of < 1.5L and osmolality of > 600 mOsm·kg−1 were included. The intervention consisted of addition of 1.5 L water daily for 6 weeks. Fp-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), fp-cortisol, 24-h urine cortisol, fasting and 2 h (post oral glucose) insulin and glucagon were not significantly affected by the water intervention. However, decreased (Δ baseline-6 weeks) fp-copeptin was significantly associated with Δfp-ACTH (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) and Δfp-glucagon (r = 0.39, p = 0.03), respectively. When dividing our participants according to baseline copeptin, median fp-ACTH was reduced from 13.0 (interquartile range 9.2–34.5) to 7.7 (5.3–9.9) pmol L−1, p = 0.007 in the top tertile of copeptin, while no reduction was observed in the other tertiles. The glucose lowering effect from water may partly be attributable to decreased activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03574688.

Effects of Water Restriction and Supplementation on Cognitive Performances and Mood among Young Adults in Baoding, China: A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

The brain is approximately 75% water. Therefore, insufficient water intake may affect the cognitive performance of humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of water restriction and supplementation on cognitive performances and mood, and the optimum amount of water to alleviate the detrimental effects of dehydration, among young adults. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 76 young, healthy adults aged 18–23 years old from Baoding, China. After fasting overnight for 12 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 2, the osmolality of the first morning urine and blood, cognitive performance, and mood were measured as a baseline test. After water restriction for 24 h, at 8:00 a.m. of day 3, the same indexes were measured as a dehydration test. Participants were randomly assigned into four groups: water supplementation group (WS group) 1, 2, or 3 (given 1000, 500, or 200 mL purified water), and the no water supplementation group (NW group). Furthermore, participants were instructed to drink all the water within 10 min. Ninety minutes later, the same measurements were performed as a rehydration test. Compared with the baseline test, participants were all in dehydration and their scores on the portrait memory test, vigor, and self-esteem decreased (34 vs. 27, p < 0.001; 11.8 vs. 9.2, p < 0.001; 7.8 vs. 6.4, p < 0.001). Fatigue and TMD (total mood disturbance) increased (3.6 vs. 4.8, p = 0.004; 95.7 vs. 101.8, p < 0.001) in the dehydration test. Significant interactions between time and volume were found in hydration status, fatigue, vigor, TMD, symbol search test, and operation span test (F = 6.302, p = 0.001; F = 3.118, p = 0.029; F = 2.849, p = 0.043; F = 2.859, p = 0.043; F = 3.463, p = 0.021) when comparing the rehydration and dehydration test. Furthermore, the hydration status was better in WS group 1 compared to WS group 2; the fatigue and TMD scores decreased, and the symbol search test and operation span test scores increased, only in WS group 1 and WS group 2 (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between them (p > 0.05). Dehydration impaired episodic memory and mood. Water supplementation improved processing speed, working memory, and mood, and 1000 mL was the optimum volume.

Efficacy of a commercial supplement added to drinking water in broilers fed aflatoxin-contaminated diets

The objective of the experiment was to evaluate effects of water supplementation with a commercial supplement (VitalSea®) on growth performance, mortality and serum concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in broilers fed diets with aflatoxin (AF) contamination. A total of 960 day-old mixed-sex chicks (Ross 308, initial BW: 46.28 ± 0.25 g/chick) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. The treatments included (1) basal diet without AF contamination and supplementation (negative control, NC), (2) AF-contaminated diet without supplementation (positive control, PC), (3) AF-contaminated diet + water supplementation with 0.5 mL VitalSea®/10 kg BW (VitalSea 1) and (4) AF-contaminated diet + water supplementation with 1.0 mL VitalSea®/10 kg BW (VitalSea 2). Each treatment was replicated with 8 pens of 30 birds (50% male, 50% female) each. Contaminated diets containing 30 μg AF/kg were fed to birds for Phase 1 (d 1-21) only. Water supplemented with VitalSea® was administered to birds for 5 days (d 22-26). In Phase 1 (d 1-21), there were no differences in ADG and ADFI among treatments (P > 0.05). In Phase 2 (d 22-35), there was a trend that the ADG of VitalSea 1 (68.66 g/d) and VitalSea 2 (68.56 g/d) was higher (P < 0.06) than that of the PC (62.61 g/d). Water supplemented with VitalSea® improved the FCR of broilers compared with the PC (P < 0.01). Over a 5-week study, broilers of the PC had a worse FCR than those of the other treatments (P < 0.01). At d 21, the serum LDH concentration of the PC was higher than that of the NC (P = 0.026). Briefly, addition of VitalSea® to drinking water for 5 days improved growth rate and feed efficiency of broilers fed AF-contaminated diets.

The spatiality of the soybean crop water deficit in Jales and Andradina microregions, state of São Paulo

Knowledge about soil water availability for future planning is the basis for carrying out its rational use. This work aimed to study the spatiality of water precipitation, crop evapotranspiration, and the need for water supplementation in soybean cultivation in the microregions of Jales-SP and Andradina-SP for the summer harvest. The water balance was determined by the Thorthwaite and Mather (1955) method, with data made available by the Agrometeorological Stations Network operated by the Hydraulics and Irrigation area of UNESP Ilha Solteira. We considered an available water capacity (AWC) of 40 mm. The study took place from the simulation of the water condition of a soybean crop sown on November 4, 2020. In the water deficit condition, the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was considered null at a 20 % deficit, and the other values followed the same mathematical proportion. The mean rainfall of the period, crop evapotranspiration, and water deficit of each weather station were interpolated through ordinary circular kriging in ArcGIS 10.7 software. The water deficit in the soybean crop in the northwest region of São Paulo is related to the poor distribution of precipitation during the cycle and the significant recurrence of Indian summers all through the area. For the producers’ safety, investment in irrigation systems anticipating this poor distribution is justified. The water deficit in the region is variable. In years with good rainfall distribution, it can reach zero values, and in years with poor distribution, it can reach values greater than 180 mm.

POTENCIAL HÍDRICO FOLIAR E DESENVOLVIMENTO VEGETATIVO DO CAFEEIRO CONILON SOB DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA REGIÃO E CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ

POTENCIAL HÍDRICO FOLIAR E DESENVOLVIMENTO VEGETATIVO DO CAFEEIRO CONILON SOB DIFERENTES LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO NA REGIÃO E CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ DIEGO ALBANI FURLAN1; ELIAS FERNANDES DE SOUSA2; JOSÉ CARLOS MENDONÇA3; CLAUDIO LUIZ MELO DE SOUZA4; ROMILDO DOMINGOS GOTTARDO 5 E RODOLLPHO ARTUR DE SOUSA LIMA6 1Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 2Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 3Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 4Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 5Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 6Laboratório de Engenharia Agrícola – LEAG, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Laqmedo, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brasil, [email protected] 1 RESUMO Na atividade cafeeira, o Brasil se destaca como maior produtor mundial, porém verifica-se que a sua produtividade é afetada de forma negativa pela seca, o que torna a produção dependente de complementação hídrica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar estresse hídrico e o desenvolvimento do café Conilon em diferentes lâminas de irrigação. O delineamento experimental foi constituído de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos, sendo estes as lâminas de água de 0, 25, 50, 100 e 125% da ET0­. Cada parcela foi constituída de seis plantas, sendo as duas primeiras plantas de cada bloco consideradas bordadura. O potencial hídrico foliar foi determinado pela medição da pressão de turgescência da folha, utilizando a bomba de Scholander, em uma planta por bloco e por tratamento. A altura da planta, secção transversal do caule e diâmetro da copa foram avaliados em três plantas por bloco, utilizando régua e paquímetro graduados. Os valores para o potencial hídrico foliar realizado na antemanhã variaram ente –0,15 a -1,18 MPa e, ao meio dia, de -1,17 a -2,3 MPa. As lâminas de irrigação equivalentes a 100 e 125% da ET0 apresentaram maiores valores ao longo do desenvolvimento da cultura até o momento da avaliação. Palavras-Chave: cafeeiro, bomba de Scholander, status hídrico, parâmetros biométricos. FURLAN, D. A.; SOUSA, E.F.; MENDONÇA, J. C.; SOUZA, C. L. M.; GOTTARDO, R. D. E LIMA, R. A. S. POTENTIAL LEAF WATER AND VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE CONILON UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION DEPTHS IN THE REGION OF CAMPOS DOS GOYTACAZES - RJ 2 ABSTRACT In the coffee production, Brazil stands out as the world's largest producer, but its productivity is negatively affected by drought, which makes production dependent on water supplementation. This work aims to determine water stress and the development of Conilon coffee in different irrigation depths. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks with three replicates, distributed in five treatments, the irrigation depths of 0, 25, 50, 100 and 125% of ET0 -. Each plot was constituted of six plants, being the first two plants of each block considered border. The leaf water potential was is determined by measuring leaf turgor pressure using the Scholander pump in a plant per block and by treatment. The plant height, stem cross-section and crown diameter were evaluated in three plants per block using a graduated ruler and pachymeter. The values ​​for leaf water potential performed in the morning ranged from -0.15 to -1.18 MPa and, for noon, from -1.17 to -2.3 MPa. The irrigation depths equivalent to 100 and 125% of the ET0 presented higher values ​​throughout the development of the culture until the moment of the evaluation. Keywords: coffee, Scholander pump, water status, biometric parameters.

A Journey through the Early Evidence Linking Hydration to Metabolic Health

The idea that water intake or hydration may play an intrinsic, independent role in modulating metabolic disease risk is relatively recent. Here, we outline the journey from early experimental works to more recent evidence linking water and hydration to metabolic health. It has been known for decades that individuals with existing metabolic dysfunction experience challenges to body water balance and have elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP), <underline>a key</underline> hormone regulating body fluid homeostasis. Later, intervention studies demonstrated that altering fluid balance in these individuals could worsen their condition, suggesting that hydration played a role in modulating glycemic control. More recently, observational and interventional studies in healthy individuals have implicated the hydration-vasopressin axis in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Individuals with higher AVP (or its surrogate, copeptin) are at higher risk for developing type 2 diabetes and components of the metabolic syndrome, an association that remains even when controlling for known risk factors. Supporting preclinical work also suggests a causal role for AVP in metabolic dysfunction. It is known that individuals who habitually drink less fluids tend to have higher circulating AVP, which may be lowered by increasing water intake. In the short term, water supplementation in habitual low drinkers with high copeptin may reduce fasting glucose or glucagon, generating a proof of concept for the role of water supplementation in reducing incident metabolic disease. A large randomized trial is ongoing to determine whether water supplementation for 1 year in subjects with low water intake can meaningfully reduce fasting glucose, risk of new-onset diabetes, and other cardiometabolic risk factors.