Behavioral responses to short-term transport in male and female Greater Rheas (Rhea americana) reared in captivity

Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanomaterial – consisting of aggregates and agglomerates of primary silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles in the nanorange (<100 nm) – is commonly used as excipient in pharmaceuticals, in cosmetics and as food additive (E551). The available data suggest that SAS nanoparticles (NP) after intravenous (IV) exposure persist in liver and spleen; however, insufficient data exist to verify whether SAS may also induce adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to verify the potential long-term effects of SAS NP (NM-203) on spleen and liver as target organs following short-term exposure. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by IV injection in the tail vein with a single (1-day) dose (SD) and repeated (5-day) doses (RD) of 20 mg/kg bw per day of SAS dispersed in sterile saline solution as vehicle. Histopathological examinations of target organs were performed after 90 days. Tissue biodistribution and full characterization of NM-203, primary particle size 13–45 nm, was performed within the framework of the Nanogenotox project. No mortality or general toxicity occurred; histopathological analysis showed splenomegaly in the RD group accompanied by inflammatory granulomas in both sexes. Granulomas were also present in liver parenchyma in the RD (both sexes) and SD groups (male only). The histopathological results indicated that SAS NP have the potential to persist and induce sex-specific chronic inflammatory lesions in spleen and liver upon short-term treatment. Overall, the data showed that the widespread use of silica in drugs might elicit chronic reactions in spleen and liver prompting to the need of further investigations on the safety of SAS NP.

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Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3.959 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 959-965 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Larry M. Dean ◽

Frank N. Willis ◽

James M. La Rocco

Keyword(s):

Motor Activity ◽

Exploratory Behavior ◽

Behavioral Response ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Personal Space ◽

Male And Female ◽

Black And White

Reactions to the invasion of personal space in terms of age, sex, and race of the invaders were investigated. Children, grouped by sex (male and female), race (black and white), and age (5, 8, and 10 yr. old), invaded the personal space of 192 adults grouped by sex (male and female) and race (black and white). The six types of behavioral responses were: avoidance, aggression, exploratory behavior, facilitative behavior, excess motor activity, and failure to respond. Responses to personal space invasion were not affected by sex. Blacks responded more often than whites but did not differ with regard to any particular type of behavioral response. Age of the invader had a significant effect on type of response given by adults whose personal space was invaded. It was concluded that the age of the invader was much more important than race or sex in determining the response to invasion of personal space.

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Costs of large communal clutches for male and female Greater Rheas Rhea americana

Ibis ◽

10.1111/j.1474-919x.2006.00629.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 149 (2) ◽

pp. 215-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

GUSTAVO J. FERNÁNDEZ ◽

JUAN C. REBOREDA

Keyword(s):

Male And Female ◽

Rhea Americana

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Behavioral responses to physical vs. social novelty in male and female laboratory rats

Behavioural Processes ◽

10.1016/j.beproc.2011.06.006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 88 (1) ◽

pp. 56-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sonia A. Cavigelli ◽

Kerry C. Michael ◽

Sheila G. West ◽

Laura Cousino Klein

Keyword(s):

Behavioral Responses ◽

Male And Female ◽

Laboratory Rats ◽

Female Laboratory

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Acute effects of ethanol on behavioral responses of male and female zebrafish in the open field test with the influence of a non-familiar object

Behavioural Processes ◽

10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104474 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 104474

Author(s):

Thiele P. Souza ◽

Francini Franscescon ◽

Flavia V. Stefanello ◽

Talise E. Müller ◽

Laura W. Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Open Field ◽

Field Test ◽

Open Field Test ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Familiar Object ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Male And Female ◽

Female Zebrafish

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Dynamics of Prolactin Axis Genes in the Brain of Male and Female Three-spined Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (Gasterostaidae) during Short-Term Freshwater Adaptation

Journal of Ichthyology ◽

10.1134/s0032945220020150 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 299-304

Author(s):

N. S. Pavlova ◽

T. V. Neretina ◽

O. V. Smirnova

Keyword(s):

Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽

Short Term ◽

Male And Female ◽

Freshwater Adaptation ◽

The Brain

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Physiological and Behavioral Reactions of Fishes to Temperature Change

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f77-113 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (5) ◽

pp. 730-734 ◽

Cited By ~ 60

Author(s):

L. I. Crawshaw

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Temperature Change ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

Teleost Fishes ◽

Acid Base ◽

Short Term ◽

Behavioral Reactions ◽

Key Words Fish ◽

Produce Acid

Teleost fishes possess a central nervous system thermoregulatory mechanism remarkably similar to that of other vertebrates. Inputs from peripheral and anterior brainstem thermosensitive elements are integrated to effect appropriate thermoregulatory responses. The integrated output signal from the thermoregulatory center also appears to provide an input to the respiratory system. Short-term deviations from a given temperature alter respiratory requirements, produce acid–base imbalance, and cause disturbances in fluid–electrolyte regulation. Acclimation to a given temperature involves changes that counteract these disturbances. Key words: fish, temperature change, behavioral responses, physiological responses, temperature regulation

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