scholarly journals Diversity of soil culturable fungi in the tropical montane cloud forest of Veracruz, Mexico

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. e1290
Author(s):  
Rosa María Arias Mota ◽  
Gabriela Heredia Abarca
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Talaromyces Flavus ◽  
Culturable Fungi ◽  
Permanent Slide ◽  
Filtration Technique

Background: Cloud forest is one of the most threatened ecosystems in the world and more than half of its original area has been transformed for other land uses. Consequently, macro- and microorganisms of this ecosystem have likely undergone changes. Objective: To analyze the diversity of saprobic filamentous soil cultured fungi in four cloud forest fragments and evaluate the similarity in species composition among fragments. Methods: To detect and isolate soil microfungi, the soil particle filtration technique was used. Emerging colonies were transferred to a culture medium for subsequent quantification and identification. For each species, permanent and semi-permanent slide preparations were made, and taxonomic identification was performed based on morphological features. Results and conclusions: From 20 soil samples and 2000 inoculated particles, 233 species were distinguished. The most common species were Myrmecridium schulzeri, Pestalotiopsis maculans, Trichoderma atroviride, Virgaria nigra, Trichoderma cremeum, Fusarium solani, Cordana terrestris, Aspergillus fischeri, and Penicillium olsoni. The most abundant species were Talaromyces flavus and Pestalotiopsis maculans. All the forest fragments had a high richness, diversity, and evenness in addition to a high turnover and high number of exclusive species.

Rapid changes in the epiphytic macrolichen flora on sites in southern Sweden

2006 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Eric MATTSSON ◽  
Håkan LÄTTMAN ◽  
Per MILBERG
Keyword(s):  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Southern Sweden ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Lichen Flora

A relatively quick and simple method is presented for monitoring changes in distribution and in site and substratum preferences of epiphytic macrolichens; the method also records the natural turnover of common species. Changes in the epiphytic lichen flora in southern Sweden were recorded at 64 sites in 1986 and again in 2003. In total 1990 observations of lichens were recorded on 15 tree species, mainly on trunks but also on branches up to 2 m above the ground. Almost all species showed a high turnover with regard to substratum, including very abundant species such as Hypogymnia physodes. Many of the species had changed substratum within their sites, possibly reflecting a general change in the ecological quality of sites. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to extract the variation in species composition over time, using 1685 records of 55 lichen species on 8 different substrata. Some species such as Hypogymnia tubulosa had increased in abundance whilst others such as Vulpicida pinastri had decreased.

scholarly journals Distribution of Atta (Hymenoptera - Formicidae) in "terra-firme" rain forest of Central Amazonia: density, species composition and preliminary results on effects of forest fragmentation

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heraldo Luís de Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Fragment ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Atta Sexdens ◽  
Conservation Areas ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Leaf Cutting

One hundred and fourteen hectares of a "terra-fiirme" rain forest 70 km north of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, were surveyed for leaf-cutting ant colonies (Atta spp). One half of this area was in isolated forest fragments (surrounded by pastures or second growth) of two sizes: 1 and 10 ha. The other half was in non-isolated fragments (connected to a large parch of forest) of the same sizes. Only two species occured in this forest: Atta sexdens sexdens L. and A. cepfhalotes L. The first was the most abundant species with a mean density of 0.35 colonies per ha. The mean density of A. cephalotes colonies was 0.03 per ha. The density of colonies was not significantly different between the isolated fragments and the continuous forest. Furthermore, the species composition did not change with isolation. However, pre-isolation data and long term monitoring are necessary to conclude that the isolation of a forest fragment has no effect upon Atta colonies. The non-uniform spatial distribution of Atta colonics within the "terra-firme" forest must be taken into account when selecting conservation areas in the Amazon, in order to preserve this important group of ants together with their native habitat.

Reliability of Singing Bird Surveys: Changes in Observer Efficiency with Avian Density

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Bart ◽  
James D. Schoultz
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
General Procedure ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Bird Songs ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Maximum Estimate

Abstract Field trials in which paired observers were used and indoor simulations in which recorded bird songs were used indicated that, as the number of singing birds audible from a listening station increased from 1 to 4, the fraction of them recorded by observers declined by up to 50%. This reduction in efficiency violates one of the basic assumptions of any index-that the proportion of animals detected remains constant-and could cause surveyors who rely primarily on auditory cues to underestimate changes in population density by up to 25% for common species and 33% for abundant species. The change in efficiency, which is best regarded as measurement error, cannot be detected by a statistical examination of the data and thus may pass undetected in many field studies. It seems unlikely that any general procedure for "correcting" the error would be reliable. The results indicate that singing bird surveys of common species should be supplemented by other methods if accurate estimates of changes in density are needed. A general conclusion of the study is that whenever animals "compete" for a place in the survey, for example by filling up traps or suppressing one another's songs, then the index tends to underestimate a change in density. If efficiency increases with density, then the survey tends to overestimate a change in density. If the sign of the bias can be determined, the survey can be used to provide a minimum or maximum estimate of a change in density even if the magnitude of the bias cannot be estimated.

scholarly journals Diversity of scorpions (Chelicerata: Arachnida) in the Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil

Check List ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Felipe de Araujo Lira ◽  
Cleide Maria Ribeiro de Albuquerque
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Moon Phase ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Important Center ◽  
Uv Lamps ◽  
Northeastern Atlantic

This study was conducted to measure the biodiversity of scorpion species in the remnants of the Brazilian northeastern Atlantic Forest, an important center of biodiversity and endemism. Collections were performed in twelve forest fragments in Sirinhaém municipality, Pernambuco State, through active searches at night by using UV lamps between 19:00h and 21:00h during the new moon phase in December 2012 and January 2013. A total of 1,125 specimens from two genera and five species were collected: Tityus pusillus Pocock, 1893; Ananteris mauryi Lourenço, 1982; Tityus brazilae Eickstedt & Lourenço, 1984; Tityus neglectus Mello-Leitão, 1932; and Tityus stigmurus (Thorell, 1876), all belonging to the family Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837. The most abundant species was T. pusillus (90.7%), followed by A. mauryi (7.1%). Tityus brazilae, T. neglectus, and T. stigmurus together represented less than 3% of the individuals sampled.

Spatial patterns in estuarine fish faunas in tropical Queensland: a reflection of interaction between long-term physical and biological processes?

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Sheaves
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Estuarine Fish ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Seawater Salinity ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Upstream Direction ◽  
Catch Rates

Spatial differences in the distribution and abundance of fish faunas of structurally complex habitats in subtidal areas of three tropical estuaries were investigated by using modified Antillean-Z fish traps. The overall species compositions of the three estuaries were similar; however, the distribution and abundance of species differed substantially both within and among estuaries. Although the abundance of most species declined in an upstream direction, the fish assemblages of upstream areas of different estuaries were similar. In contrast, assemblages in seaward regions were quite distinct. Neither temperature nor turbidity were correlated with catch rates of the most abundant species. Although catch rates of some species were significantly correlated with deviation away from normal seawater salinity, in most cases the correlation with maximum deviation in salinity was much stronger. Thus, decreased catches and the absence of some common species from upstream areas may be related to the influence of long-term (months and years) patterns of salinity. Some species were abundant only in one region of a single creek. This may reflect the close proximity of nearby habitats from which recruits may come.

Sightability as a Factor in Aerial Survey of Bird Species and Communities

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
LS Broome
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Flying Height ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Bodies Of Water

Experimental aerial and ground censuses of waterbirds were conducted on three small, isolated bodies of water on the New England tablelands of New South Wales. The flying height at which sightability was optimized for the most common species was 30 m. Aerial and ground counts were significantly correlated for most species on the three watar bodies. Black swan, swamphen, coots, musk ducks and maned ducks were counted in equivalent or greater numbers from the air than from the ground on at least one water body. Other species were counted in lower numbers from the air than from the ground. A fairly high precision in the aerial-ground relationship for the most abundant species indicates that aerial survey can be a useful procedure for obtaining indices or estimates of the population sizes of these species. However, differences in sightability between species and between types of water body indicate that indices should be used and interpreted with caution. Other bird species from a variety of habitat types which are also amenable to aerial survey are discussed, and some recommendations for aerial surveys of birds are provided.

scholarly journals Extinction risk in cloud forest fragments under climate change and habitat loss

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 518-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocio Ponce-Reyes ◽  
Emily Nicholson ◽  
Peter W. J. Baxter ◽  
Richard A. Fuller ◽  
Hugh Possingham
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Habitat Loss ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Forest Fragments

scholarly journals Significance of Remnant Cloud Forest Fragments as Reservoirs of Tree and Epiphytic Bromeliad Diversity

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarin Toledo-Aceves ◽  
José G. García-Franco ◽  
Guadalupe Williams-Linera ◽  
Keith MacMillan ◽  
Claudia Gallardo-Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Forest Fragments

Distance effect from cloud forest fragments on plant community structure in abandoned pastures in Veracruz, Mexico

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Muñiz-Castro ◽  
Guadalupe Williams-Linera ◽  
José María Rey Benayas
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
Distance Effect ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Forest Region

Secondary succession was studied in a Mexican cloud forest region along a chronosequence of 15 abandoned pastures (0.25–80 y). Our objective was to determine the effects of distance from the forest border on successional vegetation structure and woody species richness along the chronosequence. Vegetation structure similar to that of mature forests recovered over 40–50 y, both close to (0–10 m) and away from (40–50 m) the border. Total woody species richness was similar for both distances but species composition differed significantly. When primary forest species were analysed separately, basal area, height, abundance and richness were all significantly higher close to the forest border. Primary species such as Quercus spp. (barochorous-synzoochorous) and Carpinus caroliniana (anemochorous) had lower basal area, density and height away from the border than close to it. Secondary species such as Lippia myriocephala (anemochorous) and Myrsine coriacea (endozoochorous) did not differ in their rate of colonization between distances. The limitation of seed dispersal and establishment for primary woody species away from forest borders suggests that propagules need to be introduced to accelerate forest restoration.

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