scholarly journals Disrupted Lipid Metabolism in Multiple Sclerosis: A Role for Liver X Receptors?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inés Pineda-Torra ◽  
Sherrice Siddique ◽  
Kirsty E. Waddington ◽  
Rachel Farrell ◽  
Elizabeth C. Jury
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
X Receptors

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease driven by autoimmune, inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes leading to neuronal demyelination and subsequent degeneration. Systemic lipid metabolism is disturbed in people with MS, and lipid metabolic pathways are crucial to the protective process of remyelination. The lipid-activated transcription factors liver X receptors (LXRs) are important integrators of lipid metabolism and immunity. Consequently, there is a strong interest in targeting these receptors in a number of metabolic and inflammatory diseases, including MS. We have reviewed the evidence for involvement of LXR-driven lipid metabolism in the dysfunction of peripheral and brain-resident immune cells in MS, focusing on human studies, both the relapsing remitting and progressive phases of the disease are discussed. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating the activity of these receptors with existing pharmacological agents and highlight important areas of future research.

scholarly journals Liver X Receptors and Male (In)fertility

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (21) ◽  
pp. 5379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheba Jarvis ◽  
Catherine Williamson ◽  
Charlotte L Bevan
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Normal Male ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
Lipid Disorders ◽  
Male Reproductive Function ◽  
X Receptors ◽  
Lipid Balance

Liver X receptors (LXRs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors acting as ‘cholesterol sensors’ to regulate lipid homeostasis in cells. The two isoforms, LXRα (NR1H3) and LXRβ (NR1H2), are differentially expressed, with the former expressed predominantly in metabolically active tissues and the latter more ubiquitously. Both are activated by oxidised cholesterol metabolites, endogenously produced oxysterols. LXRs have important roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation, plus a number of newly emerging roles. They are implicated in regulating lipid balance in normal male reproductive function and may provide a link between male infertility and lipid disorders and/or obesity. Studies from Lxr knockout mouse models provide compelling evidence to support this. More recently published data suggest distinct and overlapping roles of the LXR isoforms in the testis and recent evidence of a role for LXRs in human male fertility. This review summarises the current literature and explores the likely link between LXR, lipid metabolism and male fertility as part of a special issue on Liver X receptors in International Journal of Molecular Sciences.

scholarly journals Regulation of Cholesterol Homeostasis and Lipid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle by Liver X Receptors

2002 ◽  
Vol 277 (43) ◽  
pp. 40722-40728 ◽  
Author(s):  
George E. O. Muscat ◽  
Brandee L. Wagner ◽  
Jinzhao Hou ◽  
Rajendra K. Tangirala ◽  
Eric D. Bischoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Cholesterol Homeostasis ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
X Receptors

Lipid metabolism as a mechanism of immunomodulation in macrophages: the role of liver X receptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophia Leussink ◽  
Irene Aranda-Pardos ◽  
Noelia A-Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
X Receptors

scholarly journals Liver X Receptors and Their Implications in the Physiology and Pathology of the Peripheral Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4192
Author(s):  
Venkat Krishnan Sundaram ◽  
Charbel Massaad ◽  
Julien Grenier
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
X Receptors

Recent research in the last decade has sought to explore the role and therapeutic potential of Liver X Receptors (LXRs) in the physiology and pathologies of the Peripheral Nervous System. LXRs have been shown to be important in maintaining the redox homeostasis in peripheral nerves for proper myelination, and they regulate ER stress in sensory neurons. Furthermore, LXR stimulation has a positive impact on abrogating the effects of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and obesity-induced allodynia in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). This review details these findings and addresses certain important questions that are yet to be answered. The potential roles of LXRs in different cells of the PNS are speculated based on existing knowledge. The review also aims to provide important perspectives for further research in elucidating the role of LXRs and assessing the potential of LXR based therapies to combat pathologies of the Peripheral Nervous System.

Liver X receptors and immune regulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 381-387
Author(s):  
Satoshi Nunomura ◽  
Makoto Makishima ◽  
Chisei Ra
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Regulation ◽  
Cholesterol Synthesis ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Liver X Receptors ◽  
Immunoglobulin Production ◽  
Intracellular Cholesterol ◽  
X Receptors ◽  
Derivatives Of

AbstractRecent studies suggest that homeostasis of lipid metabolism is crucial for the function of various immune cells. Oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (oxysterols) are well-known regulators of lipid metabolism and have diverse functions, such as inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, efflux of intracellular cholesterol, synthesis of cholesterol esters, and activation of liver X receptors (LXRs). In this review, we introduce novel roles of the oxysterol receptors LXRs in the immune system, including regulation of inflammatory responses, T cell expansion, immunoglobulin production, and antitumor responses. We also discuss lipid-mediated signaling as a potential target for treatment of immune diseases.

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