scholarly journals Hierarchical, Memory-Based Movement Models for Translocated Elk (Cervus canadensis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Falcón-Cortés ◽  
Denis Boyer ◽  
Evelyn Merrill ◽  
Jacqueline L. Frair ◽  
Juan Manuel Morales
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Hierarchical Memory ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
Memory Decay ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Inference ◽  
Almost All

The use of spatial memory is well-documented in many animal species and has been shown to be critical for the emergence of spatial learning. Adaptive behaviors based on learning can emerge thanks to an interdependence between the acquisition of information over time and movement decisions. The study of how spatio-ecological knowledge is constructed throughout the life of an individual has not been carried out in a quantitative and comprehensive way, hindered by the lack of knowledge of the information an animal already has of its environment at the time monitoring begins. Identifying how animals use memory to make beneficial decisions is fundamental to developing a general theory of animal movement and space use. Here we propose several mobility models based on memory and perform hierarchical Bayesian inference on 11-month trajectories of 21 elk after they were released in a completely new environment. Almost all the observed animals exhibited preferential returns to previously visited patches, such that memory and random exploration phases occurred. Memory decay was mild or negligible over the study period. The fact that individual elk rapidly become used to a relatively small number of patches was consistent with the hypothesis that they seek places with predictable resources and reduced mortality risks such as predation.

scholarly journals Hierarchical, Memory-based Movement Models for Translocated Elk (Cervus canadensis)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Falcón-Cortés ◽  
Denis Boyer ◽  
Evelyn Merrill ◽  
Jacqueline L Frair ◽  
Juan Manuel Morales
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Animal Movement ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Mobility Models ◽  
Mortality Risks ◽  
Hierarchical Memory ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
Memory Decay ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Inference ◽  
Almost All

The use of spatial memory is well documented in many animal species and has been shown to be critical for the emergence of spatial learning. Adaptive behaviors based on learning can emerge thanks to an interdependence between the acquisition of information over time and movement decisions. The study of how spatio-ecological knowledge is constructed throughout the life of an individual has not been carried out in a quantitative and comprehensive way, hindered by the lack of knowledge of the information an animal already has of its environment at the time monitoring begins. Identifying how animals use memory to make beneficial decisions is fundamental to developing a general theory of animal movement and space use. Here we propose several mobility models based on memory and perform hierarchical Bayesian inference on 11-month trajectories of 21 elk after they were released in a completely new environment. Almost all the observed animals exhibited preferential returns to previously visited patches, such that memory and random exploration phases occurred. Memory decay was mild or negligible over the study period. The fact that individual elk rapidly become used to a relatively small number of patches was consistent with the hypothesis that they seek places with predictable resources and reduced mortality risks such as predation.

Chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals (review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
V. A. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Chromosomal Disorders ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Karyotypic Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All

The purpose of the work was to analyze the frequency of chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals in Western Siberia on the basis of literature data. The analysis of the literature on the topic of somatic chromosomal instability in agricultural animals has been carried out. Despite the stability of the chromosome set, deviations from it are quite common. It is noteworthy that chromosomal instability is characteristic of almost all individuals in the population and serves as an important indicator for assessing the natural mutability of chromosomes. It has been found if an aberration appeared in one tissue, it is very likely to occur in others. It has been noted that somatic chromosomal instability occurs in animals with reduced reproductive function, as well as those suffering from any pathology. For example, in calves with parakeratosis the increase in the frequency of chromatid and isochromatid breaks has been found. Analysis of the frequency of aberrations in sires, which differ in the level of perinatal mortality of offspring revealed the increased percentage of offspring mortality in fathers with the large number of chromosomal disorders. Therefore, low fertilization, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths may be indications for karyotypic analysis. It has been revealed that the lability of the karyotype is inherent in all animal species, regardless of the species, sex and age, as well as the morphofunctional state. The data on some types of somatic chromosomal instability in different types of farm animals in Western Siberia has been presented. Such indicators as the frequency of polyploidy, the number of cells with fragments of chromosomes, as well as single and paired fragments of chromosomes has been given. Different types of chromosomal instability varied depending on the animal species and climate zone. The presented data can be accepted as a physiological norm and used in veterinary medicine and animal science.

scholarly journals Animal movement models with mechanistic selection functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 100406
Author(s):  
Mevin B. Hooten ◽  
Xinyi Lu ◽  
Martha J. Garlick ◽  
James A. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
Animal Movement Models

Behavioral roles of the sexually dimorphic structures in the male harvestman, Phalangium opilio (Opiliones, Phalangiidae)

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (12) ◽  
pp. 1763-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo H. Willemart ◽  
Jean-Pierre Farine ◽  
Alfredo V. Peretti ◽  
Pedro Gnaspini
Keyword(s):  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Male Contests ◽  
Scanning Electron

In various animal species, male sexual dimorphic characters may be used during intrasexual contests as ornaments to attract females, or to hold them before, during, or after copulation. In the well-known harvestman, Phalangium opilio L., 1758, the behavioral functions of these male sexually dimorphic structures have never been studied in detail. Therefore, in addition to a morphometric study, 21 male contests and 43 sexual interactions were analyzed. Our observations revealed that during contests, the male cheliceral horns form a surface by which the contestants use to push each other face-to-face while rapidly tapping their long pedipalps against the pedipalps of the opponent, occasionally twisting the opponent’s pedipalp. Scanning electron micrographs revealed contact mechanoreceptors on the pedipalp that would detect the intensity–frequency of contact with the contender’s pedipalp. Larger males won almost all contests, whereas the loser rapidly fled. During sexual interactions, the longer pedipalps of the male held legs IV of the female, whereas males with shorter pedipalps held the female by legs III. No contact with the male pedipalps and chelicerae by the females was visible before, during, or after copulation. Soon after copulating, males typically bent over the female, positioning their cheliceral horns against the females’s dorsum. Consequently, our data show that the cheliceral horns and the longer pedipalps of the male seem to play an important role, during both intersexual and intrasexual encountering.

scholarly journals Enhancement of experimental Mycoplasma pulmonis infection of the mouse genital tract by progesterone treatment

1984 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia M. Furr ◽  
D. Taylor-Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Response ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocyte ◽  
Mycoplasma Pulmonis ◽  
Cba Mice ◽  
Progesterone Treatment ◽  
Gradual Disappearance ◽  
Duration Of Infection ◽  
Mycoplasmal Infection ◽  
Almost All

SUMMARYExperimental infection of the vagina of TO and CBA mice with Mycoplasma pulmonis was enchanced greatly by progesterone treatment. Almost all treated animals became infected, whereas only two-thirds of the untreated TO mice and less than half of the untreated CBA mice did so. Almost 1000-fold more organisms were recovered from treated than from untreated mice and the duration of infection was more than doubled. The enhanced infection in the hormone-treated animals was accompanied by a more severe vaginal polymorphonuclear leucocyte response which reached a maximum two weeks after inoculation of M. pulmonis. In the to mice the eventual decline in cellular response coincided with the gradual disappearance of the mycoplasmal infection. The implications of these findings for genital infections of other animal species are discussed.

scholarly journals Drawing as a Periphery in Architectural Learning

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Leonor ◽  
◽  
Madeira Rodrigues ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Main Engine ◽  
The Way

The conquest of a dominant place over the members of the same race, with the result of using the power such a place allows and having the acceptance of the other members for being the leaders is a characteristic of the adult relationship between almost all animal species. The former time of childhood was dedicated to the imitation of the adults and to the experimenting of behaviors, or, in other words, learning and playing. Humberto Maturama believes that humans are, in behavioral tenns, an exception, as the time of childhood is extended throughout most adult life, which defines us humans as a neotenic race, and with the use of other behaviors, we have transformed what is the usual master/slave relation of adult members from other races. Like this, the family in the way we live it, becomes a human-invented structure that implies relationships between its members which are bounded by mutual trust and love. Mutatis mutandis we spend our life repeating relationships that use the same pattern. In this way, love would be the main engine of evolution and also our greatest invention.

scholarly journals Intercontinental dispersal of giant thermophilic ants across the Arctic during early Eocene hyperthermals

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1725) ◽  
pp. 3679-3686 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Bruce Archibald ◽  
Kirk R. Johnson ◽  
Rolf W. Mathewes ◽  
David R. Greenwood
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Middle Eocene ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Early Eocene ◽  
Green River ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Insect Group

Early Eocene land bridges allowed numerous plant and animal species to cross between Europe and North America via the Arctic. While many species suited to prevailing cool Arctic climates would have been able to cross throughout much of this period, others would have found dispersal opportunities only during limited intervals when their requirements for higher temperatures were met. Here, we present Titanomyrma lubei gen. et sp. nov. from Wyoming, USA, a new giant (greater than 5 cm long) formiciine ant from the early Eocene (approx. 49.5 Ma) Green River Formation. We show that the extinct ant subfamily Formiciinae is only known from localities with an estimated mean annual temperature of about 20°C or greater, consistent with the tropical ranges of almost all of the largest living ant species. This is, to our knowledge, the first known formiciine of gigantic size in the Western Hemisphere and the first reported cross-Arctic dispersal by a thermophilic insect group. This implies intercontinental migration during one or more brief high-temperature episodes (hyperthermals) sometime between the latest Palaeocene establishment of intercontinental land connections and the presence of giant formiciines in Europe and North America by the early middle Eocene.

scholarly journals Animal movement models for migratory individuals and groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1692-1705 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mevin B. Hooten ◽  
Henry R. Scharf ◽  
Trevor J. Hefley ◽  
Aaron T. Pearse ◽  
Mitch D. Weegman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Movement ◽  
Movement Models ◽  
Animal Movement Models
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