Chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals (review)

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
V. A. Andreeva
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Chromosomal Disorders ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Karyotypic Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All

The purpose of the work was to analyze the frequency of chromosomal instability in different species of agricultural animals in Western Siberia on the basis of literature data. The analysis of the literature on the topic of somatic chromosomal instability in agricultural animals has been carried out. Despite the stability of the chromosome set, deviations from it are quite common. It is noteworthy that chromosomal instability is characteristic of almost all individuals in the population and serves as an important indicator for assessing the natural mutability of chromosomes. It has been found if an aberration appeared in one tissue, it is very likely to occur in others. It has been noted that somatic chromosomal instability occurs in animals with reduced reproductive function, as well as those suffering from any pathology. For example, in calves with parakeratosis the increase in the frequency of chromatid and isochromatid breaks has been found. Analysis of the frequency of aberrations in sires, which differ in the level of perinatal mortality of offspring revealed the increased percentage of offspring mortality in fathers with the large number of chromosomal disorders. Therefore, low fertilization, spontaneous abortions and stillbirths may be indications for karyotypic analysis. It has been revealed that the lability of the karyotype is inherent in all animal species, regardless of the species, sex and age, as well as the morphofunctional state. The data on some types of somatic chromosomal instability in different types of farm animals in Western Siberia has been presented. Such indicators as the frequency of polyploidy, the number of cells with fragments of chromosomes, as well as single and paired fragments of chromosomes has been given. Different types of chromosomal instability varied depending on the animal species and climate zone. The presented data can be accepted as a physiological norm and used in veterinary medicine and animal science.

scholarly journals SOMATIC CHROMOSOMAL INSTABILITY IN HOLSTEIN COWS IN KUZBASS CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
D. V. Samsonov
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Heavy Metal Contamination ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Structural Aberrations ◽  
Cattle Blood ◽  
Diploid Cells

The results of studies of somatic chromosomal instability aneuploidy and polyploidy, the number of fragments and breaks in the blood cells of Holstein cows with a productivity of over 9000 kg are presented. The studies were carried out at JSC “Vaganovo” of the Promyshlennovskiy district of the Kemerovo Region on a population of Holstein cows. Sample preparation was carried out according to the method of P. Moorhead and co-authors, and their staining according to RomanovskyGiemsa. 2452 metaphase plates of cattle blood were studied. The ecological situation was analyzed in the zone of its keeping and breeding. Studies of soil, feed, organs and tissues in farm animals of various species confirm the fact that there are no heavy metal contamination on the territory of Western Siberia and their level is within the limits of sanitary standards. As a result of the study, the frequency of somatic chromosomal instability, including numerical violations and structural aberrations of chromosomes, was established. In the studied sample, the frequency of polyploidy was 0.74%, tetraploidy, triploidy and hexaploidy 0.41; 0.25 and 0.08%, respectively. The frequency of fragments and breaks was approximately the same - 3.83 and 2.91%, respectively. The overall level of chromosome aberrations was 6.75%. The number of diploid cells was 84.25%. Due to the paucity of data on the somatic chromosomal instability of the Holstein breed in Kuzbass conditions, the data obtained can be preliminarily considered as normal values, and also used in assessing the interior of animals.

scholarly journals Chromosomal mutations in high-yield Holstein cows

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-123
Author(s):  
D. V. Samsonov ◽  
S. G. Kulikova ◽  
V. A. Andreeva ◽  
D. A. Aleksandrova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chromosomal Instability ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Ecological Situation ◽  
Chemical Pollutants ◽  
Diploid Cells ◽  
Chromosomal Mutations

The results of the research of somatic chromosomal instability: aneuploidy and polyploidy in the blood cells of high-yield Holstein cows with the productivity of more than 9000 kg have been presented in the article. The research was conducted in JSC Vaganovo, Promyshlennovsky District, Kemerovo Region on the population of Holstein cows. Sample preparation was carried out accord- ing to P. Moorhead et al. Samples were stained using the Romanowsky-Giemsa method. The authors studied 6068 metaphase plates in a group of 30 healthy animals. Aneuploidy was counted according to the practice of N.P. Bochkov et al. The authors also analysed the ecological situation in the area of keeping and breeding cattle. Studies of soil, fodder, organs and tissues in farm animals of different species confirm that heavy metal and chemical pollutants are not contaminated in Western Siberia, and their levels are within sanitary norms. Therefore, the ecological situation in the study area should be considered safe. The study shows that the frequency of polyploidy was 0.59% in the studied sample. Tetraploidy, triploidy, and hexaploidy rates were 0.33; 0.18 and 0.06, respectively, the frequency of true hypoploidy was 0.73, and the number of diploid cells was 84.7%. The data obtained can be tentatively applied as average values and can also be used to evaluate the interior of the animals.

Registration of animal rabies in Krasnodar region

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Oleg Yu. Chernykh ◽  
◽  
Vadim A. Bobrov ◽  
Sergey N. Zabashta ◽  
Roman A. Krivonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Natural Focus ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Epizootic Process ◽  
Krasnodar Region ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Reporting Data

Rabies remains a constant threat to humanity in many parts of the world. At the same time, scientifically grounded antiepizootic measures should be based on the peculiarities of the regional epizootology of this zooanthroponosis. The authors studied the epizootological and statistical reporting data of the Kropotkin Regional Veterinary Laboratory, presented an analysis of the registration of rabies in animals in Krasnodar region. From the obtained data, it should be noted that despite the wide range of animals involved in the epizootic process of rabies infection in Krasnodar region, dogs, cats and foxes play a major role in the reservation and spread of infection, which account for 78.6. Of the total number of registered cases, 15.5% falls on foxes, that indicates the natural focus of the disease, along with the manifestation of the disease in an urban form. At the same time, stray and neglected dogs and cats, which occupy a significant place among the total number of sick animals, are also sources and spread of the infection. Thus farm animals (8.3% of the total number of infected animals) are a biological dead end for the infection. Isolated cases of the disease were noted in muskrat, donkey, raccoon, raccoon dog, marten, ferret and jackal. The authors also established the specific morbidity of various animal species with rabies infection, that is an important aspect in the development and implementation of antiepizootic measures complex

Types of refractive errors and methods for their diagnosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Olga Lemzyakova
Keyword(s):  
Optical System ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Refractive Errors ◽  
Vision Correction ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Degrees Of Severity ◽  
The Brain

Refraction of the eye means its ability to bend (refract) light in its own optical system. In a normal state, which is called emmetropia, light rays passing through the optical system of the eye focus on the retina, from where the impulse is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain and is analyzed there. A person sees equally well both in the distance and near in this situation. However, very often, refractive errors develop as a result of various types of influences. Myopia, or short-sightedness, occurs when the light rays are focused in front of the retina as a result of passing through the optical system of the eye. In this case, a person will clearly distinguish close objects and have difficulties in seeing distant objects. On the opposite side is development of farsightedness (hypermetropia), in which the focusing of light rays occurs behind the retina — such a person sees distant objects clearly, but outlines of closer objects are out of focus. Near vision impairment in old age is a natural process called presbyopia, it develops due to the lens thickening. Both myopia and hypermetropia can have different degrees of severity. The variant, when different refractive errors are observed in different eyes, is called anisometropia. In the same case, if different types of refraction are observed in the same eye, it is astigmatism, and most often it is a congenital pathology. Almost all of the above mentioned refractive errors require correction with spectacles or use of contact lenses. Recently, people are increasingly resorting to the methods of surgical vision correction.

XXVI.—The Field of the Essay

PMLA ◽  
1921 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Actual Practice ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Moderate Length

Of all the literary terms in common use, the word “essay” has perhaps the widest field and the most indeterminate content. Since the form to which it applies has taken on a fresh character in the hands of almost all its chief exponents, it has become in practice the designation for any piece of prose of moderate length, and has consequently embraced a bewilderingly various subject-matter. Moreover, the essayists themselves are by no means all of a piece. Bacon and Lamb, for instance, have little in common; and the type of ‘essayist’ represented by Macaulay and Carlyle has little in common with either. As a result of this wide extension, studies of the essay either include so much as to be very indefinite, or else are based on partial views, the upshot, in either case, becoming sufficiently vague. At the same time, the word “essay” goes on being used, and collections, of curiously assorted content, go on being made; and it therefore seems worth while to pass in review the different types represented in actual practice, in order to see just how much continuity is discernible among them.

scholarly journals Microhabitat of small mammals at ground and understorey levels in a deciduous, southern Atlantic Forest

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 727-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
GERUZA L. MELO ◽  
BARBARA MIOTTO ◽  
BRISA PERES ◽  
NILTON C. CACERES
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Selection ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Microhabitat Use ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Didelphis Albiventris

Each animal species selects specific microhabitats for protection, foraging, or micro-climate. To understand the distribution patterns of small mammals on the ground and in the understorey, we investigated the use of microhabitats by small mammals in a deciduous forest of southern Brazil. Ten trap stations with seven capture points were used to sample the following microhabitats: liana, fallen log, ground litter, terrestrial ferns, simple-trunk tree, forked tree, and Piper sp. shrubs. Seven field phases were conducted, each for eight consecutive days, from September 2006 through January 2008. Four species of rodents (Akodon montensis, Sooretamys angouya, Oligoryzomys nigripes and Mus musculus) and two species of marsupials (Didelphis albiventris and Gracilinanus microtarsus) were captured. Captured species presented significant differences on their microhabitat use (ANOVA, p = 0.003), particularly between ground and understorey sites. Akodon montensis selected positively terrestrial ferns and trunks, S. angouya selected lianas, D. albiventris selected fallen trunks and Piper sp., and G. microtarsus choose tree trunks and lianas. We demonstrated that the local small-mammal assemblage does select microhabitats, with different types of associations between species and habitats. Besides, there is a strong evidence of habitat selection in order to diminish predation.

scholarly journals DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF CLIENTS AND CONSULTANTS TO CONTRACTORS’ QUALIFICATION AND SELECTION

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmedali Egemen ◽  
Abdulrezak N. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Almost All ◽  
High Willingness

Nowadays, clients are the dominant groups in almost all types of industries. However, the construction industry is unique and consultants, as representatives of clients, are very important figures in this industry as well. By presenting survey findings of 91 clients and 50 consultants, this study reveals clients’ and consultants’ differing expectations of contracting organisations during contractor qualification and selection. The study has clearly confirmed the fact that consultants’ perspectives are rather different and their contractors’ expectations of their clients vary very significantly from the clients themselves. Furthermore, significantly different results were found even among different types of consultants and different categories of clients. Moreover, this study showed that both clients and consultants had high willingness to continue working with the same contractor in possible future works assuming they are satisfied with the previous works. The criteria, which contribute to achieving full client and/or consultant satisfaction and hence lead to possible repetitive works are identified and the results showed the existence of significant difference between clients and consultants perspectives regarding this issue as well. The framework presented within this paper aims to help the contracting organisations to compare and recognise the different approaches and perceptions of both clients and consultants during contractor qualification and selection processes. The contracting organisations in the related sectors will be able to use the framework provided within this study to recognise the overall demand in a more complete and better manner and hence formulate or modify strategies accordingly.

scholarly journals Relevance of animal infections in SARS-Cov-2 spread: an update after 1 year of pandemic.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frazzini Sara ◽  
Amadori Massimo ◽  
Lauretta Turin ◽  
Federica Riva
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chinese City ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Therapy Studies

In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by a novel Coronavirus, later identified as SARS-CoV-2, were detected in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Due to its rapid, worldwide spread, on 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a pandemic state. Since this new virus is genetically similar to the coronaviruses of bats, it was thought to have a zoonotic origin. Within a year of the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, several cases of infection were also reported in animals, suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mammals. Natural infection has been found in both companion and captive animals such as lions, tigers and gorillas. Among farm animals, the only ones found to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection so far are minks. Experimental infections have documented the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 of several animal species, such as humanized mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, ferrets, racoon dogs, cattle and non-human primates. Experimental infections are crucial for both elucidation of the role of animals in transmission and development of appropriate animal models for pathogenesis and therapy studies. This review aims to update the knowledge on natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Possible Genotoxic Activity of Dirithromycin in Cultured Human Lymphocytes

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmet Kayraldız ◽  
Lale Dönbak ◽  
Ayşe Yavuz Kocaman ◽  
Esra Köker ◽  
Şule Gökçe
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Sister Chromatid Exchanges ◽  
Mutagenic Action ◽  
Replication Index ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nuclear Division Index ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Chromatid Exchanges

Dirithromycin antibiotic is a 14-membered lactone ring macrolide and is widely used in medicine to treat many different types of bacterial infections. In the present study, the possible genotoxicity of dirithromycin was evaluated in cultured human lymphocytes by using sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), chromosome aberration (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests and also cell proliferation kinetics such as mitotic index (MI), replication index (RI), and nuclear division index (NDI) were analyzed for cytotoxicity. Cell cultures were treated with four different concentrations of dirithromycin (37.75, 67.50, 125, and 250 µg/mL) for 24 and 48 h periods. Dirithromycin significantly induced SCE and MN frequency at all concentrations in both 24 and 48 h treated cells. In addition, CA level has been markedly increased in the cells treated with almost all concentrations of dirithromycin for 24 (except 37.75 µg/mL) and 48 h treatment periods as compared to control. However, MI, RI, and NDI values were not affected by the dirithromycin treatment (p> 0.05). The results of this study indicated that dirithromycin treatment caused genetic damage by increasing the level of cytogenetic endpoints, suggesting its genotoxic and mutagenic action on human lymphocytesin vitro.

The analysis of chromatin organisation allows selection of mouse antral oocytes competent for development to blastocyst

Zygote ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Zuccotti ◽  
Rubén H. Ponce ◽  
Michele Boiani ◽  
Stefano Guizzardi ◽  
Paolo Govoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Competence ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Cell Stage ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Chromatin Organisation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Gamete Selection ◽  
Selection Of

Mouse antral oocytes can be classified in two different types termed SN or NSN oocytes, depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of a ring of Hoechst 33342-positive chromatin surrounding the nucleolus. The aim of the present study was to test the developmental competence to blastocyst of the two types of oocytes. Here we show that following isolation, classification and culture of cumulus-free antral oocytes, 14.7% and 74.5% of NSN and SN oocytes, respectively, reached the metaphase II stage. When fertilised and further cultured none of the metaphase II NSN oocytes developed beyond the 2-cell stage whilst 47.4% of the metaphase II SN oocytes reached the 4-cell stage and 18.4% developed to blastocyst. The findings reported in this paper may contribute to improved procedures of female gamete selection for in vitro fertilisation of humans and farm animals. Furthermore, the selection of oocytes with better developmental potential may be of interest for studies on nuclear/cytoplasm interaction, particularly in nuclear-transfer experiments.

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