scholarly journals Testing the Interspecific Function of Female Common Cuckoo “Bubbling” Call

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyi Wang ◽  
Miao Tian ◽  
Jingpeng Liu ◽  
Xingyu Lu ◽  
Anders Pape Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Field Recordings ◽  
The Cost

Female common cuckoo (Cuculus canorous) predator-like “bubbling” calls distract host parental attention and reduce the egg rejection rate. Such “bubbling” calls are also frequently used to attract males and deter territorial rivals in intraspecies contact, and these calls are an ancestral character in many cuckoo species. Although hosts have had sufficient time to become familiar with this call and evolve anti-parasitic strategies, why are the hosts fooled by this “bubbling” call? We propose two hypotheses. The first hypothesis proposes that call variation reduces the opportunity for host species to correctly assess cuckoo tricks. In contrast, the second hypothesis proposes that the cost of behavior may prevent the antiparasitic strategy from evolving. In the study, we tested the prerequisites of these hypotheses, by investigating whether cuckoo calls vary during the day and testing whether the predator-like calls suppress bird activities. Based on field recordings from three different areas, we found high overlap in the calls generated during different periods. Oriental great reed warblers (Acrocephalus orientalis), a host species, did not show different responses toward the playback of female common cuckoo calls generated before noon or afternoon. Based on bird count data, we found that predator-like call playback is insufficient for suppressing bird activities. Therefore, none of the prerequisites were supported by our field data. We discuss the potential reasons for our findings and hope to inspire more research examining female cuckoo vocalizations.

Clutch variation and egg rejection in three hosts of the pallid cuckoo, Cuculus pallidus

Behaviour ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Langmore ◽  
Michelle Landstrom ◽  
Robert Heinsohn
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Brood Parasite ◽  
Reflectance Spectrophotometry ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Parasitised Host

AbstractIn theory, hosts of avian brood parasites would benefit by modifying their egg appearance in two ways to help identify mimetic foreign eggs: (i) by laying clutches that are more uniform in appearance and (ii) by laying clutches that differ from those of other females in the population. Support for these theories is inconsistent, and few studies have used objective measures of clutch variation. Here we used reflectance spectrophotometry to quantify within-clutch and between-clutch variation of three host species of an Australian brood parasite, the pallid cuckoo (Cuculus pallidus). We used egg-swapping experiments in which subjects were presented with either a conspecific egg or a heterospecific egg to compare the egg rejection responses of a frequently parasitised host, the white-plumed honeyeater (Lichenostomus penicillatus), with two less frequently parasitised hosts, dusky woodswallows (Artamus cyanopterus) and willie wagtails (Rhipidura leucophrys). As predicted, rejection rate increased as contrast between foreign egg and host clutch increased. Further, the major host showed greater between-clutch variation than the occasional hosts, and also rejected more similar-looking eggs. Contrary to predictions however, within-clutch variation was not lower in the major host, nor was it important in predicting the rejection rate of foreign eggs by the three host species.

scholarly journals Egg Rejection in Marsh Warblers (Acrocephalus Palustris) Heavily Parasitized by Common Cuckoos (Cuculus Canorus)

The Auk ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 419-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Antonov ◽  
Bård G. Stokke ◽  
Arne Moksnes ◽  
Eivin Røskaft
Keyword(s):  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Cuculus Canorus ◽  
Common Cuckoo ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Acrocephalus Palustris ◽  
High Rejection Rate ◽  
Host Parasite

Abstract In the coevolutionary “arms race” between Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus) and their hosts, several adaptations and counter-adaptations have evolved. Here, we investigated natural parasitism and host sensitivity to egg rejection in Marsh Warblers (Acrocephalus palustris) in Bulgaria. The level of Common Cuckoo parasitism was high (28%), and average mimicry of Common Cuckoo eggs was good. Experimental parasitism with four egg-types that showed various degrees of mimicry of the host eggs revealed a generally high rejection rate of foreign eggs (37.5–100%). In addition, naturally laid Common Cuckoo eggs were rejected at a moderate rate (50%). The Marsh Warbler's ability to reject foreign eggs was strongly dependent on the degree of mimicry of the parasite egg but apparently not on differences in size between host and foreign eggs. Furthermore, intraclutch variation in host egg appearance was not related to the probability of egg rejection. The Marsh Warbler's highly developed egg-recognition ability and the good mimicry of Common Cuckoo eggs suggests that this poorly known host-parasite arms race has reached an advanced stage. The present study provides new insight into variables that are important for egg rejection in a heavily parasitized host population. Rechazo de Huevos en Nidos de Acrocephalus palustris Fuertemente Parasitados por Cuculus canorus

scholarly journals Visual acuity and egg spatial chromatic contrast predict egg rejection behavior of American robins

2020 ◽  
Vol 223 (20) ◽  
pp. jeb229609
Author(s):  
Alec B. Luro ◽  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Patrice Baumhardt ◽  
Mark E. Hauber
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spatial Vision ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Avian Visual System ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTColor and spatial vision is critical for recognition and discrimination tasks affecting fitness, including finding food and mates, and recognizing offspring. For example, as a counter defense to avoid the cost of raising the unrelated offspring of obligate interspecific avian brood parasites, many host species routinely view, recognize and remove the foreign egg(s) from their nests. Recent research has shown that host species visually attend to both chromatic and spatial pattern features of eggs; yet how hosts simultaneously integrate these features together when recognizing eggs remains an open question. Here, we tested egg rejection responses of American robins (Turdus migratorius) using a range of 3D-printed model eggs covered with blue and yellow checkered patterns differing in relative square sizes. We predicted that robins would reject a model egg if they could visually resolve the blue and yellow squares as separate features, or accept it if the squares blended together and appeared similar in color to the natural blue–green color of robin eggs as perceived by the avian visual system. As predicted, the probability of robins rejecting a model egg increased with greater sizes of its blue and yellow squares. Our results suggest that chromatic visual acuity and viewing distance have the potential to limit the ability of a bird to recognize a foreign egg in its nest, thus providing a limitation to host egg recognition that obligate interspecific avian brood parasites may exploit.

scholarly journals Visual acuity and egg spatial chromatic contrast predict egg rejection behavior of American robins

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alec B. Luro ◽  
Esteban Fernández-Juricic ◽  
Patrice Baumhardt ◽  
Mark E. Hauber
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Spatial Vision ◽  
Viewing Distance ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Chromatic Contrast ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
American Robins ◽  
Avian Visual System ◽  
The Cost

AbstractColor and spatial vision are critical for recognition and discrimination tasks affecting fitness, including finding food and mates and recognizing offspring. For example, as a counter defense to avoid the cost of raising the unrelated offspring of obligate interspecific avian brood parasites, many host species routinely view, recognize, and remove the foreign egg(s) from their nests. Recent research has shown that host species visually attend to both chromatic and spatial pattern features of eggs; yet how hosts simultaneously integrate these features together when recognizing eggs remains an open question. Here, we tested egg rejection responses of American robins (Turdus migratorius) using a range of 3D-printed model eggs covered with blue and yellow checkered patterns differing in relative square sizes. We predicted that robins would reject a model egg if they could visually resolve the blue and yellow squares as separate features or accept it if the squares blended together and appeared similar in color to the natural blue-green color of robin eggs as perceived by the avian visual system. As predicted, the probability of robins rejecting a model egg increased with greater sizes of its blue and yellow squares. Our results suggest that chromatic visual acuity and viewing distance have the potential to limit the ability of a bird to recognize a foreign egg in its nest, thus providing a limitation to host egg recognition that obligate interspecific avian brood parasites may exploit.

scholarly journals Egg discrimination is mediated by individual differences in queen olfactory responsiveness and boldness

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1306-1313
Author(s):  
Colin M Wright ◽  
Brendan L McEwen ◽  
David N Fisher ◽  
James L L Lichtenstein ◽  
Angelle Antoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Egg Discrimination ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Resident Female ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Nest parasites attempt to shift the cost of rearing young from themselves to others. Despite strong selection to avoid this exploitation, there is considerable variation among-individuals in susceptibility to nest parasites. We evaluated the effects of individual variation in boldness, aggressiveness, and olfactory responsiveness on egg discrimination in wasps: Polistes metricus, which founds nests as singleton individuals, and P. dominula, which founds nests in small coalitions. Aggressiveness and boldness were evaluated using individuals’ response to mechanical disturbance, and olfactory responsiveness was evaluated using individuals’ tendency to respond to a novel rewarding stimulus. Egg discrimination was evaluated by presenting each queen with a variety of foreign eggs: 1) unaltered eggs laid by the resident (negative control group), 2) eggs produced by the resident female that were removed and replaced (procedural control), 3) eggs of foreign conspecifics (conspecific egg), and 4) eggs of a heterospecific congener (heterospecific egg). Females of both species never rejected untampered eggs and rejected procedural controls in only 35% of cases. Both species were twice as likely (70% rejection rate) to reject eggs of foreign conspecifics or heterospecifics. In P. dominula, bolder individuals and those with low olfactory responsiveness were more likely to reject foreign eggs. In P. metricus, boldness was not associated with egg rejection, but individuals with heightened olfactory responsiveness were more likely to reject foreign eggs. Thus, there are contrasting associations between behavioral phenotypes and egg rejection across species. These results are discussed in light of differences in the colony founding behavior of these species.

Mekanisme Dan Proteksi Jaminan Nasabah Pada Gadai Informal

Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Yuri Nanda Larasati ◽  
Jafril Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Qualitative Research Methods ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Cost

Regulation of the financial services authority (OJK) No. 31/POJK.05/2016 on Venture had arranged that the financial services agency on the basis of the law of pledge is in coaching and supervision OJK. Yet the existence of laws – invitation to Governing Enterprise pawn shops causing business activities conducted by the above parties are not yet regulated. The condition is feared could cause harm to the consumer society. The purpose of this research is to know the procedures, mechanisms, protection of goods and guarantee the consumer on an informal pledge financing, methods of determination of the cost of maintenance of the goods and the goods of the execution mechanism of the pledge as well as protection for the collateral items are viewed from the side of the consumer by looking at laws-invitations and Sharia. To find out whether the pledge have gotten permission from OJK. This research uses qualitative research methods with the study of library research, field data and simulations. The approach used in this study is the empirical juridical approach. Elaboration upon the results is discussed further in this article.

scholarly journals Host density predicts the probability of parasitism by avian brood parasites

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1769) ◽  
pp. 20180204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Medina ◽  
Naomi E. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Parasitism Rates ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Determining Factor

The spatial distribution of hosts can be a determining factor in the reproductive success of parasites. Highly aggregated hosts may offer more opportunities for reproduction but can have better defences than isolated hosts. Here we connect macro- and micro-evolutionary processes to understand the link between host density and parasitism, using avian brood parasites as a model system. We analyse data across more than 200 host species using phylogenetic comparative analyses and quantify parasitism rate and host reproductive success in relation to spatial distribution using field data collected on one host species over 6 years. Our comparative analysis reveals that hosts occurring at intermediate densities are more likely to be parasitized than colonial or widely dispersed hosts. Correspondingly, our intraspecific field data show that individuals living at moderate densities experience higher parasitism rates than individuals at either low or high densities. Moreover, we show for the first time that the effect of host density on host reproductive success varies according to the intensity of parasitism; hosts have greater reproductive success when living at high densities if parasitism rates are high, but fare better at low densities when parasitism rates are low. We provide the first evidence of the trade-off between host density and parasitism at both macro- and micro-evolutionary scales in brood parasites. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The coevolutionary biology of brood parasitism: from mechanism to pattern’.

scholarly journals The Perceptual and Cognitive Processes That Govern Egg Rejection in Hosts of Avian Brood Parasites

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hanley ◽  
Samantha L. Rutledge ◽  
Juliana Villa
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Selective Pressure ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Egg Rejection ◽  
Egg Recognition ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Receptor Noise

Hosts of avian brood parasites are under intense selective pressure to prevent or reduce the cost of parasitism. Many have evolved refined egg discrimination abilities, which can select for eggshell mimicry in their parasite. A classic assumption underlying these coevolutionary dynamics is that host egg recognition depends on the perceivable difference between their own eggs and those of their parasite. Over the past two decades, the receptor noise-limited (RNL) model has contributed to our understanding of these coevolutionary interactions by providing researchers a method to predict a host’s ability to discriminate a parasite’s egg from its own. Recent research has shown that some hosts are more likely to reject brown eggs than blue eggs, regardless of the perceived differences to their own. Such responses suggest that host egg recognition may be due to perceptual or cognitive processes not currently predictable by the RNL model. In this perspective, we discuss the potential value of using the RNL model as a null model to explore alternative perceptual processes and higher-order cognitive processes that could explain how and why some hosts make seemingly counter-intuitive decisions. Further, we outline experiments that should be fruitful for determining the perceptual and cognitive processing used by hosts for egg recognition tasks.

The Manchester University Summer School of Mathematics at Bangor

1924 ◽  
Vol 12 (172) ◽  
pp. 185-186
Author(s):  
S. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Summer School ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Graduate Studies ◽  
Summer Vacation ◽  
Technical Schools ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Manchester

The desirability of affording facilities, to mathematical teachers and others, for post-graduate studies in mathematics during the summer vacation, was commented on by the writer in an article in the March, issue of this Gazette. It was there proposed that a “Summer School” should be organized for this purpose by teachers themselves, acting through the Mathematical Association, and after the publication of the article the suggestion was more formally communicated to the Association through the Manchester branch. It proved to be unlikely, however, that the matter could be taken up by the representative body, whose members met rather infrequently, and who were already fully occupied in other business of the Association, in sufficient time to make arrangements for such a School during the present year. The proposal was therefore brought before the Extra-Mural Committee of the University of Manchester, who agreed to the experiment being made under their auspices, and voted a grant for organizing and advertising the project. The Board of Education were next approached, and they agreed to recognize the School and to make a limited grant to cover a possible deficit on the cost of working it. Provisional arrangements were proceeded with meanwhile, and in April and the early part of May circulars announcing the School and inviting students to register were distributed to the heads of the mathematical departments of nearly every secondary, grammar and high school, and many technical schools and colleges, throughout England and Wales. The School was also advertised in various educational journals. The response was satisfactory, thirty-two students being registered, whereas twenty was the number decided upon as the minimum required if the School was to be held.

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