scholarly journals Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Galipeau ◽  
Matthew Greig ◽  
George Liu ◽  
Matt Driedger ◽  
Marc-André Langlois
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Epidemiological Models ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

In December 2019, the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 has since become a pandemic virus resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and deep socioeconomic implications worldwide. In recent months, efforts have been directed towards detecting, tracking, and better understanding human humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has become critical to develop robust and reliable serological assays to characterize the abundance, neutralization efficiency, and duration of antibodies in virus-exposed individuals. Here we review the latest knowledge on humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the benefits and limitations of currently available commercial and laboratory-based serological assays. We also highlight important serological considerations, such as antibody expression levels, stability and neutralization dynamics, as well as cross-reactivity and possible immunological back-boosting by seasonal coronaviruses. The ability to accurately detect, measure and characterize the various antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for vaccine development, manage risk and exposure for healthcare and at-risk workers, and for monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new strains of the virus. Having a thorough understanding of the benefits and cautions of standardized serological testing at a community level remains critically important in the design and implementation of future vaccination campaigns, epidemiological models of immunity, and public health measures that rely heavily on up-to-date knowledge of transmission dynamics.

The novel adjuvant IC31® strongly improves influenza vaccine-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in young adult and aged mice

Vaccine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (27-28) ◽  
pp. 3461-3468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Riedl ◽  
Rosemarie Riedl ◽  
Alexander von Gabain ◽  
Eszter Nagy ◽  
Karen Lingnau
Keyword(s):  
Young Adult ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Aged Mice ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses

scholarly journals Nano and Microparticles as Potential Oral Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants Against Infectious Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Davoud Jazayeri ◽  
Hui Xuan Lim ◽  
Kamyar Shameli ◽  
Swee Keong Yeap ◽  
Chit Laa Poh
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oral Vaccine ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Mucosal Surfaces ◽  
Successful Vaccine

Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as the first line of defense. Unlike systemic administration, oral immunization can stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses at both systemic and mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, to design a successful vaccine, it is essential to stimulate the mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Successful oral vaccines need to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal environment such as the extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts as well as low permeability and the low immunogenicity of vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems and adjuvants have been developed for improving oral vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Formulation of vaccines with nanoparticles and microparticles have been shown to improve antigen stability, availability and adjuvanticity as well as immunostimulatory capacity, target delivery and specific release. This review discusses how nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as oral carriers with adjuvant characteristics can be beneficial in oral vaccine development.

scholarly journals Overcoming Immunity to a Viral Vaccine by DNA Priming before Vector Boosting

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 799-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-yong Yang ◽  
Linda S. Wyatt ◽  
Wing-pui Kong ◽  
Zoe Moodie ◽  
Bernard Moss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Vector ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Viral Immunity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Vaccine ◽  
Humoral Responses

ABSTRACT Replication-defective adenovirus (ADV) and poxvirus vectors have shown potential as vaccines for pathogens such as Ebola or human immunodeficiency virus in nonhuman primates, but prior immunity to the viral vector in humans may limit their clinical efficacy. To overcome this limitation, the effect of prior viral exposure on immune responses to Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP), shown previously to protect against lethal hemorrhagic fever in animals, was studied. Prior exposure to ADV substantially reduced the cellular and humoral immune responses to GP expressed by ADV, while exposure to vaccinia inhibited vaccine-induced cellular but not humoral responses to GP expressed by vaccinia. This inhibition was largely overcome by priming with a DNA expression vector before boosting with the viral vector. Though heterologous viral vectors for priming and boosting can also overcome this effect, the paucity of such clinical viral vectors may limit their use. In summary, it is possible to counteract prior viral immunity by priming with a nonviral, DNA vaccine.

Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine

2019 ◽  
Vol 221 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1723
Author(s):  
Lisa Henss ◽  
Constanze Yue ◽  
Christine Von Rhein ◽  
Roland Tschismarov ◽  
Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Binding Avidity

Abstract Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Methods Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. Results The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. Conclusions These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.

scholarly journals Humoral Immune Responses against the Mycobacteriumtuberculosis 38-Kilodalton, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 Antigens in Tuberculosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueqiong Wu ◽  
Yourong Yang ◽  
Junxian Zhang ◽  
Bangying Li ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Single Antigen ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Culture Negative

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of smear-negative and culture-negative patients with active tuberculosis (TB) is challenging. The detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antibodies in human sera has been an important diagnostic aid. However, detection of antibody responses to a single antigen usually has a low sensitivity for diagnosis of TB. In this study, humoral immune responses against recombinant M. tuberculosis 38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 (culture filtrate protein 10/6-kDa early secreted antigen target of M. tuberculosis) antigens in 250 Chinese TB patients and 260 healthy subjects were evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of antibodies against those antigens in TB patients, even in bacterium-negative ones, were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). The serodiagnostic sensitivities to detect antibodies against individual antigens, i.e., recombinant M. tuberculosis 38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 antigens, in TB patients were 73.6%, 73.2%, and 60.4%, respectively, with specificities of 85.4%, 77.7%, and 73.8%, respectively. Importantly, the sensitivity to positively detect humoral responses to one of the antigens increased further. Our data suggest that the humoral immune responses to M. tuberculosis antigens in TB patients are heterogeneous. The 38-kDa, MTB48, and CFP-10/ESAT-6 antigens can be used as the cocktail antigens in the serodiagnosis of active TB, especially for smear- or culture-negative TB cases.

scholarly journals Longitudinal immune dynamics of mild COVID-19 define signatures of recovery and persistence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aarthi Talla ◽  
Suhas V Vasaikar ◽  
Maria P Lemos ◽  
Zoe Moodie ◽  
Mark-Phillip Lee Pebworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Chromatin Accessibility ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
Correlated Data ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Serum Proteomics ◽  
Humoral Responses

SARS-CoV-2 has infected over 160 million and caused more than 3 million deaths to date. Most individuals (>80%) have mild symptoms and recover in the outpatient setting, but detailed studies of immune responses have focused primarily on moderate to severe COVID-19. We deeply profiled the longitudinal immune response in individuals with mild COVID beginning with early time points post-infection (1-15 days) and proceeding through convalescence to >100 days after symptom onset. We correlated data from single cell analyses of peripheral blood cells, serum proteomics, virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and clinical metadata. Acute infection was characterized by vigorous coordinated innate and adaptive activation, including an early cellular and proteomic signature that correlated with the amplitude of virus-specific humoral responses after day 30. We characterized signals associated with recovery and convalescence to define a new signature of inflammatory cytokines, gene expression, and chromatin accessibility that persists in individuals with post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).

scholarly journals Immunoreactive peptide maps of SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nischay Mishra ◽  
Xi Huang ◽  
Shreyas Joshi ◽  
Cheng Guo ◽  
James Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Peptide Maps

AbstractSerodiagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is impeded by immunological cross-reactivity to the human coronaviruses (HCoV) SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, OC43, 229E, HKU1, and NL63. Here we report the identification of humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and other HCoV peptides that can be used to detect asymptomatic, mild and, severe SARS-CoV-2 infections, and may enable the discovery of biomarkers for immunity following infection or vaccination.

scholarly journals Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in Humans and Animals

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 684
Author(s):  
Hyunsuh Kim ◽  
Patrick Seiler ◽  
Jeremy C. Jones ◽  
Granger Ridout ◽  
Kristi P. Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Seroepidemiologic Studies ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

To optimize the public health response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we must first understand the antibody response to individual proteins on the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the antibody’s cross reactivity to other coronaviruses. Using a panel of 37 convalescent COVID-19 human serum samples, we showed that the magnitude and specificity of responses varied across individuals, independent of their reactivity to seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs). These data suggest that COVID-19 vaccines will elicit primary humoral immune responses in naïve individuals and variable responses in those previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Unlike the limited cross-coronavirus reactivities in humans, serum samples from 96 dogs and 10 cats showed SARS-CoV-2 protein-specific responses focused on non–S1 proteins. The correlation of this response with those to other coronaviruses suggests that the antibodies are cross-reactive and generated to endemic viruses within these hosts, which must be considered in seroepidemiologic studies. We conclude that substantial variation in antibody generation against coronavirus proteins will influence interpretations of serologic data in the clinical and veterinary settings.

Nanoparticles and Vaccine Development

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi kheirollahpour ◽  
Mohsen Mehrabi ◽  
Naser Mohammadpour Dounighi ◽  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Alireza Masoudi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Inorganic Nanoparticles ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Antigens ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Delivery Vehicles ◽  
Antigen Presenting

In spite of the progress of conventional vaccines, improvements are required due to concerns about the low immunogenicity of the toxicity, instability, and the need for multiple administrations of the vaccines. To overcome the mentioned problems, nanotechnology has recently been incorporated into vaccine development. Nanotechnology increasingly plays an important role in vaccine development nanocarrier-based delivery systems that offer an opportunity to increase the cellular and humoral immune responses. The use of nanoparticles in vaccine formulations allows not only enhanced immunogenicity and stability of antigen, but also targeted delivery and slow release. Over the past decade, nanoscale size materials such as virus-like particles, liposomes, ISCOMs, polymeric, inorganic nanoparticles and emulsions have gained attention as potential delivery vehicles for vaccine antigens, which can both stabilize vaccine antigens and act as adjuvants. This advantage is attributable to the nanoscale particle size, which facilitates uptake by Antigen- Presenting Cells (APCs), then leading to efficient antigen recognition and presentation. Modifying the surfaces of nanoparticles with different targeting moieties permits the delivery of antigens to specific receptors on the cell surface, thereby stimulating selective and specific immune responses. This review provides an overview of recent advances in nanovaccinology.

scholarly journals Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated with a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Lisa Henss ◽  
Constanze Yue ◽  
Christine von Rhein ◽  
Roland Tschismarov ◽  
Lia-Laura Lewis-Ximenez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Neutralization Activity ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Binding Avidity

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after one week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. Here, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60–92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies, their binding avidity, and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. CHIKV and o’nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored Chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination induced cross-neutralization with ONNV and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.

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