scholarly journals Evaluating the Safety of West Nile Virus Immunity During Congenital Zika Virus Infection in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A. Acklin ◽  
Javier D. Cattle ◽  
Arianna S. Moss ◽  
Julia A. Brown ◽  
Gregory A. Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Maternal Brain ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Virus Zika ◽  
Murine Pregnancy

Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon that occurs when cross-reactive antibodies generated from a previous flaviviral infection increase the pathogenesis of a related virus. Zika virus (ZIKV) is the most recent flavivirus introduced to the Western Hemisphere and has become a significant public health threat due to the unanticipated impact on the developing fetus. West Nile virus (WNV) is the primary flavivirus that circulates in North America, and we and others have shown that antibodies against WNV are cross-reactive to ZIKV. Thus, there is concern that WNV immunity could increase the risk of severe ZIKV infection, particularly during pregnancy. In this study, we examined the extent to which WNV antibodies could impact ZIKV pathogenesis in a murine pregnancy model. To test this, we passively transferred WNV antibodies into pregnant Stat2-/- mice on E6.5 prior to infection with ZIKV. Evaluation of pregnant dams showed weight loss following ZIKV infection; however, no differences in maternal weights or viral loads in the maternal brain, spleen, or spinal cord were observed in the presence of WNV antibodies. Resorption rates, and other fetal parameters, including fetal and placental size, were similarly unaffected. Further, the presence of WNV antibodies did not significantly alter the viral load or the inflammatory response in the placenta or the fetus in response to ZIKV. Our data suggest that pre-existing WNV immunity may not significantly impact the pathogenesis of ZIKV infection during pregnancy. Our findings are promising for the safety of implementing WNV vaccines in the continental US.

Simultaneous detection of Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, Yellow fever virus and West Nile virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Boga ◽  
Marta E. Alvarez-Arguelles ◽  
Susana Rojo-Alba ◽  
Mercedes Rodríguez ◽  
María de Oña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Zika

scholarly journals Novel infectious diseases in europe

2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 385-390
Author(s):  
Dajana Lendak ◽  
Tomislav Preveden ◽  
Nadica Kovacevic ◽  
Slavica Tomic ◽  
Maja Ruzic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Fast Spreading ◽  
Virus Zika

Introduction. The end of 20th and beginning of 21st century is marked by the discovery of new, supercontagious and fast spreading viral diseases. Since 1967, more than 40 new agents have been identified, including human immunodeficiency virus, Ebola, Marburg fever, severe acute respiratory syndrome, hepatitis C, hepatitis E viruses and Zika virus. Modern lifestyle, availability and speed of air traffic, migrations, as well as climate changes, enable faster spreading of infectious diseases from the regions that were hardly reachable. We selected a few diseases that raised the greatest attention among experts and public in general. Ebola. Ebola virus raises anxiety due to high mortality and fast spreading by using inter-human contact. Zika virus. Zika virus, that most often causes mild symptoms, is potentially responsible for microcephaly in neonates. Dengue. Dengue virus is an ?old story?, but in last decades incidence has multiplied by 30. West Nile virus. Although discovered in 1937, West Nile virus has been found exclusively in rural parts of Africa, while nowadays it represents one of the most important etiological factors of viral meningo-encephalitis all over the world. Hepatitis E. Today it is well-known that hepatitis E virus can cause not only acute viral hepatitis but also potentially blood-transmitted chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised, as well as some neurological disorders. Conclusion. One of the scientific challenges in the future will certainly be the discovery of available and cost-effective diagnostic tests, as well as efficient and safe vaccines for these diseases. Up to now, efficient prophylaxis is available only for Denga virus.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Zika virus infection by antibodies from West Nile virus seropositive individuals with no history of clinical infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Himanshu Garg ◽  
Rose Yeh ◽  
Douglas M. Watts ◽  
Tugba Mehmetoglu-Gurbuz ◽  
Robert Resendes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Denv Infection ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Antigenic Relatedness

Abstract Background Recent outbreaks of Zika Virus (ZIKV) infection and associated microcephaly has raised multiple scientific questions. The close antigenic relatedness between flaviviruses makes diagnosis of specific infection difficult. This relatedness also raises the potential of Antibody Dependent Enhancement (ADE) via cross reactive antibodies to flaviviruses like West Nile Virus (WNV) and Dengue Virus (DENV). Asymptomatic WNV infections are endemic throughout the US creating a large proportion of the population that is seropositive for WNV antibodies. Whether these sero-positive individuals potentially carry ZIKV enhancing antibodies remains unknown. Results Serum samples obtained from human subjects with symptomatic or asymptomatic WNV infection from a WNV endemic region in Texas were tested for their ability to enhance or neutralize ZIKV infection. Sero-surveillance data demonstrated a ~ 7% prevalence for WNV antibodies in the population. Sera from both symptomatic and asymptomatic WNV seropositive donors effectively neutralized WNV and to some extent DENV infection. Interestingly, WNV+ sera failed to inhibit ZIKV while significantly enhancing infection. Conversely, ZIKV specific sera effectively neutralized ZIKV, with ADE only evident at lower concentrations. The enhancement of ZIKV via WNV antibody positive sera was likely due to non-neutralizing Envelope (E) antibodies as seen with monoclonal ZIKV E antibodies. Conclusions Overall, our findings suggest that WNV antibodies in the sera significantly enhance ZIKV infection in Fc receptor positive cells with limited neutralization activity. Further studies in more relevant models of ADE will be needed to confirm the relevance of these findings in vivo.

scholarly journals Zika Virus Is Not Uniquely Stable at Physiological Temperatures Compared to Other Flaviviruses

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Goo ◽  
Kimberly A. Dowd ◽  
Alexander R. Y. Smith ◽  
Rebecca S. Pelc ◽  
Christina R. DeMaso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Alternative Mechanism ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Prolonged Incubation ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus that has emerged as a global health threat due in part to its association with congenital abnormalities. Other globally relevant flaviviruses include dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). High-resolution structures of ZIKV reveal many similarities to DENV and suggest some differences, including an extended glycan loop (D. Sirohi, Z. Chen, L. Sun, T. Klose, T. C. Pierson, et al., 352:467–470, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5316) and unique interactions among envelope (E) protein residues that were proposed to confer increased virion stability and contribute mechanistically to the distinctive pathobiology of ZIKV (V. A. Kostyuchenko, E. X. Lim, S. Zhang, G. Fibriansah, T. S. Ng, et al., Nature 533:425–428, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17994). However, in the latter study, virus stability was inferred by measuring the loss of infectivity following a short incubation period. Here, we rigorously assessed the relative stability of ZIKV, DENV, and WNV by measuring changes in infectivity following prolonged incubation at physiological temperatures. At 37°C, the half-life of ZIKV was approximately twice as long as the half-life of DENV (11.8 and 5.2 h, respectively) but shorter than that of WNV (17.7 h). Incubation at 40°C accelerated the loss of ZIKV infectivity. Increasing virion maturation efficiency modestly increased ZIKV stability, as observed previously with WNV and DENV. Finally, mutations at E residues predicted to confer increased stability to ZIKV did not affect virion half-life. Our results demonstrate that ZIKV is not uniquely stable relative to other flaviviruses, suggesting that its unique pathobiology is explained by an alternative mechanism. IMPORTANCE Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus, which includes other clinically relevant mosquito-borne pathogens such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). Historically, ZIKV infection was characterized by a self-limiting, mild disease, but recent outbreaks have been associated with severe clinical complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly, which are atypical of other flavivirus infections. Moreover, ZIKV has been detected in saliva, urine, and semen, and it may be sexually transmitted. Analysis of a high-resolution cryo-electron microscopic reconstruction of ZIKV hypothesized that the unusual stability of this virus contributes to its distinctive pathobiology. Here, we directly compared the stability of ZIKV to that of other flaviviruses following prolonged incubation in solution at physiological temperatures. We found that the stability of multiple ZIKV strains, including those from recent outbreaks, is intermediate between that of DENV and WNV, suggesting an alternative explanation for the unique clinical manifestations of ZIKV infection.

Effect of climate change on mosquito-borne pathogens.

2021 ◽  
pp. 400-404
Author(s):  
Michael Turell
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile

Abstract This expert opinion discusses how global warming and climate change increase the risk of the introduction and severity of mosquito-borne pathogens, including West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus and Zika virus in the western hemisphere.

scholarly journals Virus Zika (ZIKV): Struktur, Patogenesis, Diagnosis Laboratorium, dan Pencegahan

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luh Ade Wilan Krisna
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Guillain Barré Syndrome ◽  
Virus West Nile ◽  
Virus Zika ◽  
Guillain Barré

Virus Zika (ZIKV) adalah flavivirus yang berhubungan dengan dengue, virus demam kuning, virus Japanese encephalitis dan virus west nile. Virus tersebut menyebabkan infeksi melalui gigitan nyamuk yang dikenal sebagai demam zika atau penyakit zika. Virus zika baru-baru ini menarik perhatian dunia pada pertengahan tahun 2016 karena adanya explosive pandemic di berbagai negara, termasuk di Indonesia. Penelitian telah menemukan bukti bahwa Zika dapat berhubungan dengan cacat kelahiran dan kondisi syaraf seperti microcephaly dan sindrom Guillain-Barre pada orang dewasa. Kata kunci: Zika virus, flavivirus, microcephaly, Guillain-Barre Syndrome

scholarly journals Antiviral Properties of the Natural Polyphenols Delphinidin and Epigallocatechin Gallate against the Flaviviruses West Nile Virus, Zika Virus, and Dengue Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ángela Vázquez-Calvo ◽  
Nereida Jiménez de Oya ◽  
Miguel A. Martín-Acebes ◽  
Emilia Garcia-Moruno ◽  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Epigallocatechin Gallate ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Natural Polyphenols ◽  
Virus Zika

Modeling Movement of West Nile Virus in the Western Hemisphere

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Rappole ◽  
Bradley W. Compton ◽  
Peter Leimgruber ◽  
Jamie Robertson ◽  
David I. King ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals Zika Virus: New Clinical Syndromes and Its Emergence in the Western Hemisphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 4864-4875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Lazear ◽  
Michael S. Diamond
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Potential Interactions

Zika virus (ZIKV) had remained a relatively obscure flavivirus until a recent series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical complications brought this virus into the spotlight as causing an infection of global public health concern. In this review, we discuss the history and epidemiology of ZIKV infection, recent outbreaks in Oceania and the emergence of ZIKV in the Western Hemisphere, newly ascribed complications of ZIKV infection, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly, potential interactions between ZIKV and dengue virus, and the prospects for the development of antiviral agents and vaccines.

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