Sequencing the Genome of Indian Flying Fox, Natural Reservoir of Nipah Virus, Using Hybrid Assembly and Conservative Secondary Scaffolding

After 20 years of the first Nipah Virus (NiV) outbreak in the world, it re-emerged as the outbreak in India. WHO has recognized NiV as a potent epidemic threat to human health. Both animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission of zoonotic NiV has been documented. Fruit bat of Pteropodidae family is the natural reservoir of the virus. Thus, the territorial habitat of these bats is the high risk zone of NiV outbreak. The symptoms are very nonspecific and the pathogenicity of NiV is yet to be fully understood. Diagnosis of NiV infection still relies on molecular techniques. Till date, no drugs or vaccines against NiV has been approved. Some research have presented arrays of the possible treatment and prevention option, but without sure shot implications. So, appropriate precautions are the only currently available prevention option. Nepal is yet to experience a NiV outbreak but that does not undermine the risk posed to the general population. High risk countries including Nepal should be well prepared to tackle the possible outbreak in future.

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Circulation of Nipah virus at the human–Flying fox interface in Cambodia

International Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 101 ◽

pp. 223

Author(s):

V. Duong ◽

J. Cappelle ◽

V. Hul ◽

T. Hoem ◽

A. Binot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nipah Virus ◽

Flying Fox

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Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/0022-1317-81-8-1927 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 81 (8) ◽

pp. 1927-1932 ◽

Cited By ~ 393

Author(s):

K. Halpin ◽

P. L. Young ◽

H. E. Field ◽

J. S. Mackenzie

Keyword(s):

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Reservoir Host ◽

Hendra Virus ◽

Taqman Assay ◽

Oligonucleotide Primer ◽

Original Material ◽

Natural Reservoir ◽

Matrix Gene ◽

Foetal Lung ◽

Flying Fox

Since it was first described in Australia in 1994, Hendra virus (HeV) has caused two outbreaks of fatal disease in horses and humans, and an isolated fatal horse case. Our preliminary studies revealed a high prevalence of neutralizing antibodies to HeV in bats of the genus Pteropus, but it was unclear whether this was due to infection with HeV or a related virus. We developed the hypothesis that HeV excretion from bats might be related to the birthing process and we targeted the reproductive tract for virus isolation. Three virus isolates were obtained from the uterine fluid and a pool of foetal lung and liver from one grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), and from the foetal lung of one black flying-fox (P. alecto). Antigenically, these isolates appeared to be closely related to HeV, returning positive results on immunofluorescent antibody staining and constant-serum varying-virus neutralization tests. Using an HeV-specific oligonucleotide primer pair, genomic sequences of the isolates were amplified. Sequencing of 200 nucleotides in the matrix gene identified that these three isolates were identical to HeV. Isolations were confirmed after RNA extracted from original material was positive for HeV RNA when screened on an HeV Taqman assay. The isolation of HeV from pteropid bats corroborates our earlier serological and epidemiological evidence that they are a natural reservoir host of the virus.

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THE NATURAL RESERVOIR FUND OBJECTS DEVELOPMENT: THE STATE-ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECT

SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA ◽

10.25140/2410-9576-2017-1-4(12)-136-142 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (4(12)) ◽

pp. 136-142

Author(s):

Yevhen Aleksandrovych Romanenko ◽

◽

Irina Petrovna Krynychnay ◽

Tikhon Sergeyevich Yarovoy ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Natural Reservoir

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Bats as the reservoir for outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases

Weekly releases (1997–2007) ◽

10.2807/esw.10.45.02832-en ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 10 (45) ◽

Author(s):

C J Williams

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Natural Reservoir

A study from China has provided evidence that bats may be the natural reservoir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Third helical domain of the nipah virus fusion glycoprotein modulates both early and late steps in the membrane fusion cascade.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.738343089.793577097 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca Dutch

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fusion ◽

Nipah Virus ◽

Helical Domain ◽

Virus Fusion ◽

Fusion Glycoprotein

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Nipah Virus New Emerging Zoonotic Disease

Sohag Medical Journal ◽

10.21608/smj.2019.41360 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 115-118

Author(s):

Ekram Mahmoud ◽

Nesma Mohamed

Keyword(s):

Nipah Virus ◽

Zoonotic Disease

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T-cell Epitope-based Vaccine Design for Nipah Virus by Reverse Vaccinology Approach

Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening ◽

10.2174/1386207323666200427114343 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 788-796

Author(s):

Praveen K.P. Krishnamoorthy ◽

Sekar Subasree ◽

Udhayachandran Arthi ◽

Mohammad Mobashir ◽

Chirag Gowda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Mhc Class Ii ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Nipah Virus ◽

3D Structure ◽

Cell Epitope ◽

Class Ii ◽

Class I ◽

Reverse Vaccinology ◽

Stable Complex

Aim and Objective: Nipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic virus of the paramyxovirus family that sporadically breaks out from livestock and spreads in humans through breathing resulting in an indication of encephalitis syndrome. In the current study, T cell epitopes with the NiV W protein antigens were predicted. Materials and Methods: Modelling of unavailable 3D structure of W protein followed by docking studies of respective Human MHC - class I and MHC - class II alleles predicted was carried out for the highest binding rates. In the computational analysis, epitopes were assessed for immunogenicity, conservation, and toxicity analysis. T – cell-based vaccine development against NiV was screened for eight epitopes of Indian - Asian origin. Results: Two epitopes, SPVIAEHYY and LVNDGLNII, have been screened and selected for further docking study based on toxicity and conservancy analyses. These epitopes showed a significant score of -1.19 kcal/mol and 0.15 kcal/mol with HLA- B*35:03 and HLA- DRB1 * 07:03, respectively by using allele - Class I and Class II from AutoDock. These two peptides predicted by the reverse vaccinology approach are likely to induce immune response mediated by T – cells. Conclusion: Simulation using GROMACS has revealed that LVNDGLNII epitope forms a more stable complex with HLA molecule and will be useful in developing the epitope-based Nipah virus vaccine.

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