scholarly journals Forensic Applications of Microbiomics: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake M. Robinson ◽  
Zohar Pasternak ◽  
Christopher E. Mason ◽  
Eran Elhaik
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Trace Evidence ◽  
Microbial Sampling

The rise of microbiomics and metagenomics has been driven by advances in genomic sequencing technology, improved microbial sampling methods, and fast-evolving approaches in bioinformatics. Humans are a host to diverse microbial communities in and on their bodies, which continuously interact with and alter the surrounding environments. Since information relating to these interactions can be extracted by analyzing human and environmental microbial profiles, they have the potential to be relevant to forensics. In this review, we analyzed over 100 papers describing forensic microbiome applications with emphasis on geolocation, personal identification, trace evidence, manner and cause of death, and inference of the postmortem interval (PMI). We found that although the field is in its infancy, utilizing microbiome and metagenome signatures has the potential to enhance the forensic toolkit. However, many of the studies suffer from limited sample sizes and model accuracies, and unrealistic environmental settings, leaving the full potential of microbiomics to forensics unexplored. It is unlikely that the information that can currently be elucidated from microbiomics can be used by law enforcement. Nonetheless, the research to overcome these challenges is ongoing, and it is foreseeable that microbiome-based evidence could contribute to forensic investigations in the future.

Genomic Sequencing and Other Tools for Studying Microbial Communities

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 419-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Schwager ◽  
Chengwei Luo ◽  
Curtis Huttenhower ◽  
Xochitl C. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Genomic Sequencing

REVIEW ON THE E.A. IVANOVA’S BOOK “AGREEMENTS IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL JURISDICTION: PROCEDURAL AND LEGAL ASPECT”

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-333
Author(s):  
S.P. GRUBTSOVA
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Market Economy ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Key Aspects

The review presents the book by E.A. Ivanova “Agreements in the Field of Civil Jurisdiction: Procedural and Legal Aspect”. According to the reviewer, in modern conditions there is a tendency towards strengthening of private law principles and the development of dispositiveness in the context of civil procedural law, which is associated, in particular, with the implementation of the ideas of economic freedom and market economy within the framework of civil circulation and the transformation of legal institutions of substantive branches of law. Proceeding from this, there is a need for new doctrinal, lawmaking and law enforcement approaches on the issue of empowering legal participants in the independent choice of forms and methods of protecting violated rights, as well as in order to influence the dynamics of procedural legal relations. This is possible through the use in legislation of the full potential of procedural agreements, the theoretical development of which was carried out in the book under review, meaningfully revealing the key aspects of the indicated problem.

scholarly journals Microbial Eukaryotes: a Missing Link in Gut Microbiome Studies

mSystems ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Laforest-Lapointe ◽  
Marie-Claire Arrieta
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Microbial Ecology ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Microbial Eukaryotes ◽  
Host Health ◽  
High Level ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms ◽  
New Evidence

ABSTRACTHuman-associated microbial communities include prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms across high-level clades of the tree of life. While advances in high-throughput sequencing technology allow for the study of diverse lineages, the vast majority of studies are limited to bacteria, and very little is known on how eukaryote microbes fit in the overall microbial ecology of the human gut. As recent studies consider eukaryotes in their surveys, it is becoming increasingly clear that eukaryotes play important ecological roles in the microbiome as well as in host health. In this perspective, we discuss new evidence on eukaryotes as fundamental species of the human gut and emphasize that future microbiome studies should characterize the multitrophic interactions between microeukaryotes, other microorganisms, and the host.

Cybercrime: Thieves, Swindlers, Bandits, and Privateers in Cyberspace

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-108
Author(s):  
Roderic Broadhurst
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Identity Theft ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross National

This chapter describes the definitions and scope of cybercrime including an outline of the history of hackers and the role of criminal networks and markets in the dissemination of malicious software and other contraband such as illicit drugs, stolen credit cards and personal identification, firearms, and criminal services. Different cybercrime types and methods are described, including the widespread use of ‘social engineering’ or deception in computer misuse and identity theft. The challenges facing law enforcement in the suppression of cybercrime and the important role of private and public partnerships, as well as cross-national cooperation in the suppression of cybercrime is illustrated.

scholarly journals PacBio sequencing output increased through uniform and directional fivefold concatenation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisha Kanwar ◽  
Celia Blanco ◽  
Irene A. Chen ◽  
Burckhard Seelig
Keyword(s):  
Improved Method ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Pacbio Sequencing ◽  
Limited Sample ◽  
Analysis Pipeline ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Engineering Study ◽  
Long Read ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractAdvances in sequencing technology have allowed researchers to sequence DNA with greater ease and at decreasing costs. Main developments have focused on either sequencing many short sequences or fewer large sequences. Methods for sequencing mid-sized sequences of 600–5,000 bp are currently less efficient. For example, the PacBio Sequel I system yields ~ 100,000–300,000 reads with an accuracy per base pair of 90–99%. We sought to sequence several DNA populations of ~ 870 bp in length with a sequencing accuracy of 99% and to the greatest depth possible. We optimised a simple, robust method to concatenate genes of ~ 870 bp five times and then sequenced the resulting DNA of ~ 5,000 bp by PacBioSMRT long-read sequencing. Our method improved upon previously published concatenation attempts, leading to a greater sequencing depth, high-quality reads and limited sample preparation at little expense. We applied this efficient concatenation protocol to sequence nine DNA populations from a protein engineering study. The improved method is accompanied by a simple and user-friendly analysis pipeline, DeCatCounter, to sequence medium-length sequences efficiently at one-fifth of the cost.

Marsupial chromosomics: bridging the gap between genomes and chromosomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine E. Deakin ◽  
Sally Potter
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Genome Architecture ◽  
Sequence Information ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Tasmanian Devil ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Devil Facial Tumour Disease ◽  
Chromosome Level

Marsupials have unique features that make them particularly interesting to study, and sequencing of marsupial genomes is helping to understand their evolution. A decade ago, it was a huge feat to sequence the first marsupial genome. Now, the advances in sequencing technology have made the sequencing of many more marsupial genomes possible. However, the DNA sequence is only one component of the structures it is packaged into: chromosomes. Knowing the arrangement of the DNA sequence on each chromosome is essential for a genome assembly to be used to its full potential. The importance of combining sequence information with cytogenetics has previously been demonstrated for rapidly evolving regions of the genome, such as the sex chromosomes, as well as for reconstructing the ancestral marsupial karyotype and understanding the chromosome rearrangements involved in the Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease. Despite the recent advances in sequencing technology assisting in genome assembly, physical anchoring of the sequence to chromosomes is required to achieve a chromosome-level assembly. Once chromosome-level assemblies are achieved for more marsupials, we will be able to investigate changes in the packaging and interactions between chromosomes to gain an understanding of the role genome architecture has played during marsupial evolution.

scholarly journals Microsatellite Markers for Aronia melanocarpa (Black Chokeberry) and Their Transferability to Other Aronia Species

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-23
Author(s):  
Samuel G. Obae ◽  
Mark H. Brand ◽  
Bryan A. Connolly ◽  
Rochelle R. Beasley ◽  
Stacey L. Lance
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Genomic Sequencing ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Fruit Crop ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Black Chokeberry

This study reports the development, characterization, and cross-species transferability of 20 genomic microsatellite markers for Aronia melanocarpa, an important nutraceutical fruit crop. The markers were developed with Illumina paired-end genomic sequencing technology using DNA from Professor Ed cultivar that was originally collected from the wild in New Hampshire. The markers were highly polymorphic and transferable to Aronia arbutifolia and Aronia prunifolia genomes. The average number of alleles per locus was 9.1, 4.5, and 5.6 for A. melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia, and A. prunifolia, respectively. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of loci ranged from 0.38 to 0.95 for all taxa, with an average of 0.80, 0.68, and 0.87 for A. melanocarpa, A. arbutifolia, and A. prunifolia, respectively. This is the first study to develop microsatellite markers in the Aronia genus. These markers will be very useful in studying the genetic diversity and population structure of wild Aronia and expediting the breeding efforts of this emerging fruit crop through marker-assisted selection.

scholarly journals Native bee fauna of tomato crops: a comparison of active sampling and pan trapping methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edivani V. Franceschinelli ◽  
Leonardo L. Bergamini ◽  
Carlos M. Silva-Neto ◽  
Marcos A. S. Elias ◽  
Giselle L. Moreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Active Sampling ◽  
Tomato Variety ◽  
Native Bee ◽  
The World ◽  
Trapping Methods ◽  
Effective Pollinators ◽  
Pan Traps

ABSTRACT The tomato is widely cultivated throughout the world and requires pollination by wild or managed bees to realize its full-potential fruit production. Two different sampling methods (pan trapping and active sampling) were employed in nine different properties from June to September of 2011 to investigate the richness and abundance of native bee species present in tomato crops of Center-West Brazil. A total of 465 individuals of 44 species were collected, with the composition of sampled bee species differing between the methods used. Twenty-two species were exclusively captured in pan traps, 13 others through active sampling and nine by both methods. Most of the sampled bee species can be considered effective pollinators of the tomato because they can perform buzz-pollination. By vibration, these bees can liberate pollen from anthers into the air or onto their own bodies and the stigmas of the same flower because the stigmas of the studied tomato variety are within the anther cone. Both methods exclusively sampled some species of buzz-pollinating bees, however, pan-trapping captured buzzing and non-buzzing visitors indiscriminately while active sampling captured more buzzing bees. Pan-trapping and active sampling appear to complement each other, and so the use of only one or the other would not provide a full understanding of the species richness of tomato pollinators in the field.

scholarly journals Molecular-Based Techniques for the Study of Microbial Communities in Artworks

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-77
Author(s):  
Katja Sterflinger ◽  
Guadalupe Piñar
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Sequencing Technology ◽  
Target Sequencing ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Heritage Science ◽  
Metagenome Sequencing ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs

AbstractThanks to the revolutionary invention of the polymerase chain reaction and the sequencing of DNA and RNA by means of “Sanger sequencing” in the 1970th and 1980th, it became possible to detect microorganisms in art and cultural assets that do not grow on culture media or that are non-viable. The following generation of sequencing systems (next generation sequencing, NGS) already allowed the detection of microbial communities on objects without the intermediate step of cloning, but still most of the NGS technologies used for the study of microbial communities in objects of art rely on “target sequencing” linked to the selectivity of the primers used for amplification. Today, with the third generation of sequencing technology, whole genome and metagenome sequencing is possible, allowing the detection of taxonomic units of all domains and kingdoms as well as functional genes in the produced metagenome. Currently, Nanopore sequencing technology is a good, affordable, and simple way to characterize microbial communities, especially in the field of Heritage Science. It also has the advantage that a bioinformatic analysis can be performed automatically. In addition to genomics and metagenomics, other “-omics” techniques such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics have a great potential for the study of processes in art and cultural heritage, but are still in their infancy as far as their application in this field is concerned.

scholarly journals Age Estimation and Gender Classification based on Face detection and feature extraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Sasikumar Gurumurthy
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Face Detection ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Face Verification ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Reference Images ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Gender

Nowadays the computer systems created a various types of automated applications in personal identification like biometrics, face recognition techniques. Face verification has turn into an area of dynamic research and the applications are important in law enforcement because it can be done without involving the subject. Still, the influence of age estimation on face verification become a challenge to decide the similarity of pair images from individual faces considering very limited of data base availability. We focus on the development of image processing and face detection on face verification system by improving the quality of image quality. The main objective of the system is to compare the image with the reference images stored as templates in the database and to determine the age and gender.

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