Cybercrime: Thieves, Swindlers, Bandits, and Privateers in Cyberspace

2021 ◽  
pp. 88-108
Author(s):  
Roderic Broadhurst
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Credit Cards ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Identity Theft ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cross National

This chapter describes the definitions and scope of cybercrime including an outline of the history of hackers and the role of criminal networks and markets in the dissemination of malicious software and other contraband such as illicit drugs, stolen credit cards and personal identification, firearms, and criminal services. Different cybercrime types and methods are described, including the widespread use of ‘social engineering’ or deception in computer misuse and identity theft. The challenges facing law enforcement in the suppression of cybercrime and the important role of private and public partnerships, as well as cross-national cooperation in the suppression of cybercrime is illustrated.

The Religious Life of the Industrial Working Class in the Czech Lands?

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
Jakub Štofaník
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Working Class ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Church History ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Czech Lands ◽  
Historic Change ◽  
Role Of Religion

The article focuses on the role of religion among working-class inhabitants of two industrial towns in the Czech lands, Ostrava and Kladno, during the first half of twentieth century. It analyses the enormous conversion movement, the position of new actors of religious life, and the religious behavior of workers. Looking at the history of the late nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the study understands religion as one of the constituent factors of society and its historic change. Traditional, new, and nonconformist religious actors appear as active agents in the private and public life of industrial towns. They mobilized workers, young people, and women, and they produced the major arena in which social, cultural, and church history come together.

ALCOHOL PANIC, SOCIAL ENGINEERING, AND SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF WHITES IN EARLY APARTHEID SOCIETY, 1948–1960

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 1167-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIL ROOS
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
South African ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
South African Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Stability ◽  
State Responses

AbstractThe connection between ideologies of nation, alcohol abuse, and social engineering have not received systematic attention from historians. This article offers a case-study from the history of apartheid South Africa. Working around a fragment of apartheid history, a bureaucratic panic that excessive white drinking threatened the stability of the racial order, it explores geneaologies of state responses to white drinking in South Africa. It then concentrates on the role of Geoffrey Cronje, an intellectual / bureaucrat who not only drove the panic but then used it to implement new forms of social engineering in white South African society. Drawing on penal and welfarist traditions as well as medical models of treatment, he introduced a system for the discipline and correction of whites who drank heavily that drew on both state and private resources. I examine how the defiance of those incarcerated for drinking helped shaped subsequent, lighter-handed responses that managed the drinking of greater numbers of whites. This article may provide avenues for investigating alcohol abuse, state intervention, and social engineering in a range of mid-twentieth-century societies.

scholarly journals The Role of the UN International Drug Control Conventions in Facilitating Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Policing of Transnational Drug Trafficking

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Scarlet Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Law ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Concern ◽  
The Subject

Transnational policing is an increasingly important issue in today’s globalised world. Transnational crime is an expanding industry and when crime crosses borders, cooperation between states is key. Arguably, this is most important in illegal drug trafficking, a crime of high concern to many states which almost always involves multiple countries. To this end, the UN Drug Control Conventions, introduced to tackle drug trafficking across the world, contain a number of provisions regarding law enforcement cooperation. This piece, by examining legal instruments and existing literature, will explore the role of the conventions regarding cooperation in policing the transnational trafficking of illicit drugs with a particular focus on the US, a major player in the field. Law enforcement cooperation between states existed for many years without international law obligations, however, it was often plagued by political and cultural differences and suffered when international relations were tense. By implementing obligations within the UN conventions, existing practices were codified into international law, meaning that cooperation should be a smoother, and legally-backed, process regardless of the political situation. This piece argues that, although the UN International Drug Control Conventions may not have added completely novel principles or practices to transnational law enforcement, they remain an important tool in facilitating transnational police cooperation and have made a valuable contribution to jurisprudence on the subject.

scholarly journals The Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Has the Legislation Fallen Short of its Goals?

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
MaryAnne McReynold
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Legislative History ◽  
Trafficking Victims Protection Act ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
Trafficking Victims

This analysis examines the immigration status that the United States government affords to individuals who are willing to meet the requirements of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, commonly known as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA). This article presents the legislative history of the TVPA with an emphasis on the factors that heighten the tension between the interests of trafficking victims and those of the government. Available immigration relief is not truly "relief" unless it is accessible to those who need it, that is, those for whom Congress designated this type of visa status. Likewise, legislation that designates an action as criminal is fruitless unless it provides for effective investigations and enforcement. As crucial as it is to punish and deter traffickers, the special nature of this crime necessitates that the victims, who are central to the role of law enforcement, receive ample protection. In conclusion, the author suggests seven policy recommendations to improve the government's ability to punish and deter human traffickers while protecting the victims of these crimes.

scholarly journals Perbandingan Pengembangan Asuransi Syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia (Analisis Aliran Mazhab Sejarah dan Law as a Tool of Social Engineering)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Inneke Wahyu Agustin
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
Islamic Insurance ◽  
Historical Flow

This research discusses the development of Islamic insurance or known as takaful. The focus of discussion on sharia insurance in Indonesia and Malaysia by tracing the history of regulation and the growth of the industry. These two things are compared with the conclusion that you can understand the factors that cause differences in the development of Islamic insurance in Indonesia and Malaysia. With a comparative approach, the conclusion is that Islamic insurance regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia are formed based on the soul of the nation by historical flow of law. Have the same foundation, but Indonesia is slower in responding to regulations. As a result, the growth of the Islamic insurance industry in Indonesia lags behind that of Malaysia. The basic couse is due to the role of law in Indonesia is less responsive because the law acts as a means of social control, for changes in Islamic insurance to be more developed.

scholarly journals The Role Of Private And Public Sectors: An Analysis Of Methodological Steps In Understanding Growth Cycles

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-233
Author(s):  
Santosh Singh Bais ◽  
Jagannath B. Kukkudi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Current Fluctuations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Growth Cycles ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of

Though with a very long standing history of a century the growth cycles have once again been in the limelight of thinking of modern economists of 1960 and that of 1995. However, the 21st century growth cycles have been in the focus for policy makers of both developed and developing countries alike. The globalization phenomena has added new  dimension to these business cycles and have been a matter of time to time concerns of the policy makers of the developing countries which by nature have a vivid experience in different sectors of the economy. Indeed in the result years it is the current fluctuations which have occupied a prime place in all the economy which are going to be tied or cemented through trade, what attempts are essential and harmonious so as to control these short term growth fluctuations and what political and economic compromises are needed requires a brief analysis this what had been attempted in the paper.

scholarly journals ‘New normality’ of the covid-19 era: Opportunities, limitations, risks

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-782
Author(s):  
E. N. Gnatik
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Personal Identification ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ruling Elites ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Short Time

The article considers some key aspects of the current transformation of social reality. The author argues that the announcement of the pandemic determined an unprecedented situation: humanity faces a completely different concept of reality. In particular, the breakthrough in the development of NBIC technologies (nano, bio, new information and cognitive technologies) contributes to the strengthening of the paradigm that absolutizes the technocratic component of civilizational development. Under the general depression and decline in economic activity, there is an explosive growth in the field of bioengineering, information and cognitive research. The new normality of the coronavirus era, associated with the unprecedented development of artificial intelligence systems, video surveillance technologies, geolocation and big data, in an unusually short time has created new existential and legal problems. The proclaimed threat to public health, being a significant goal-setting, has become a dominant justification for the introduction of serious innovations that allow the ruling elites to block civil rights, in particular, to legalize the use of tracking systems. Under the fight against the pandemic, the personal identification systems based on advanced technologies are being transformed from a security tool of law enforcement agencies into a tool of mass social engineering. Russia has come close to a new stage of digital transformation - a state-wide credential management system (the Unified Federal Information Register). Considering the experience of China in digital segregation, concerns arise: will digitalization turn into something dangerous as the algorithms of artificial intelligence improve, the use of biometric surveillance broaden, etc.? The article emphasizes that scanning the appearance and collecting information about citizens allows to create a gigantic array of data, the use of which can have unpredictable consequences, and the problem of their unauthorized use is not the main one. The power of algorithms, which allows to manipulate a person by means of continuously collected information about him, can turn into a new, sophisticated form of genocide.

Organization of Justice in the Ostyak-Vogul National District in the 1930s

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Alexander Ya. Kodintsev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Structural Method ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Pay

Introduction. The publication reveals the history of the organization of the Soviet justice authorities in the national regions of Western Siberia in the 1930s. The example of the activities of judicial officials shows the state policy on organizing new courts in an isolated region of Russia. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the organization of bodies of Soviet justice in remote areas of the north of Western Siberia. Methodology. The main methods used in the study include the historical approach, the system-structural method and the comparative analysis method. Results. Since 1931 in the northern regions of the Ural and then Omsk regions, district justice bodies have been formed. District justice bodies subordinated to themselves the people's judges, notaries and bailiffs. They performed the role of the main regional justice body in conditions of remoteness from regional courts. They faced the task of improving the personnel of law enforcement agencies in the region. They could not complete this task for objective reasons. Most justice workers were young Communists and Komsomol members who advanced in the 1920s. They tried to compensate for the low level of competence through vigorous activity. However, the purges and repressions did not allow them to stay in their workplaces for a long time. The nominees often irritated the local authorities because of their attempts to follow the law. Repressions, low pay, and harsh environmental conditions pushed judicial officers out of the system and from the region. Conclusion. The history of organizational “perturbations” in the North of Western Siberia allows us to identify general trends in the personnel policy of the Soviet state in remote regions of Russia in the 20th century.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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