scholarly journals Bacterial Inoculants Mitigating Water Scarcity in Tomato: The Importance of Long-Term in vivo Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Riva ◽  
Francesca Mapelli ◽  
Giovanna Dragonetti ◽  
Mustafa Elfahl ◽  
Lorenzo Vergani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Productivity ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Full Irrigation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Bacterial Inoculants ◽  
Bacillus Simplex

Global population growth and climate change raise a challenge to agriculture, which, combined with the issues concerning the use of chemical fertilizers, have generated increasing attention in the use of plant-associated bacteria as a sustainable strategy in agri-food systems. The objective of this study is to evaluate the ability of five bacterial strains, previously isolated from the rhizosphere or endosphere of plants adapted to harsh environmental conditions, to act as potential plant biofertilizers in different conditions of water availability. The strain biosafety for a deliberate environmental release was investigated through a literature survey and antibiotic resistance testing. The selected strains were first characterized for their plant growth–promoting (PGP) and rhizocompetence-related traits through in vitro assays and then on short-term in vivo experiments on tomato plants. A long-term greenhouse experiment was further conducted to monitor the PGP effect of the bacteria during the entire life cycle of tomato plants subjected to full irrigation or to severe water deficit conditions, aiming to assess their actual effect on plant productivity, which is the ultimate target of the agricultural sector. Some of the strains showed a potential in improving water use efficiency and mitigating plant water stress. Under severe irrigation deficit, four of the tested strains, Micrococcus yunnanensis M1, Bacillus simplex RP-26, Pseudomonas stutzeri SR7-77, and Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus 2–50, significantly increased the number of productive plants in comparison to non-bacterized control ones. Two of them, Bacillus simplex RP-26 and Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus 2–50, demonstrated also, under full irrigation, to significantly improve the water productivity in comparison with non-bacterized plants. Despite all the strains showed promising PGP potential in short-term assays, the positive effect of the bacterial inoculants on plant physiology and fruit yield was observed in some cases but never corroborated by statistical significance. These results highlight the importance of performing long-term in vivo experiments to define the real PGP ability of a bacterial inoculant to positively impact plant production.

scholarly journals Short-term and long-term role of platelet activating factor as a mediator of in vivo platelet aggregation.

Circulation ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 1205-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Golino ◽  
G Ambrosio ◽  
M Ragni ◽  
I Pascucci ◽  
M Triggiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Platelet Activating Factor ◽  
Short Term

Short-term effect of aldosterone on NEM-sensitive ATPase in rat collecting tubule

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (2) ◽  
pp. F177-F181 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Khadouri ◽  
S. Marsy ◽  
C. Barlet-Bas ◽  
A. Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Affinity Constant ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Collecting Tubule ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
In Vitro Effects ◽  
Collecting Tubules

Because previous studies indicated that in the collecting tubule, N-ethylmaleimide (NEM)-sensitive ATPase, the biochemical equivalent of the proton pump, is controlled by mineralocorticoids in the long term, the present study was designed to investigate whether such control also exists in the short term. Therefore we investigated the in vivo and in vitro effects of aldosterone on the enzyme activity in cortical and outer medullary collecting tubules (CCT and MCT, respectively) from adrenalectomized rats. Administration of aldosterone (10 micrograms/kg body wt) markedly stimulated NEM-sensitive ATPase activity in the CCT and MCT within 3 h. Similarly, incubating CCT or MCT for 3 h in the presence of 10(-8) M aldosterone enhanced NEM-sensitive ATPase activity up to values similar to those previously measured in the corresponding nephron segments of normal rats. In vitro stimulation of NEM-sensitive ATPase was dose dependent in regard to aldosterone (apparent affinity constant approximately 10(-9) M), appeared after a 30-min lag period, and reached its maximum after 2-2.5 h. Finally, actinomycin D and cycloheximide totally abolished the in vitro action of aldosterone, demonstrating the involvement of protein synthesis in this process.

scholarly journals The effect of short-term and long-term application of fisetin on experimentally induced airway hyperreactivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-9
Author(s):  
I. Kazimierová ◽  
L. Pappová ◽  
M. Šútovská ◽  
S. Fraňová
Keyword(s):  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Airway Resistance ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Airway Hyperreactivity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Specific Airway Resistance ◽  
Term Administration

AbstractBackground:Fisetin, a derivate from the flavonol group may possess a variety of pharmacological effects. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the bronchodilatory effect of fisetin after the acute or the chronic administration to guinea pigs with allergic airway inflammation.Methods:Experimental animals were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin. Fisetin was administered in dose 5mg/kg/p.o., either once after the end of 21-days sensitization or daily during the 21-days sensitization. By using the whole-body plethysmograph, we monitored the specific airway resistance, a parameter of airway hyperreactivityin vivo. The changes of the specific airway resistance were evaluated after the short-term inhalation of the bronchoconstriction mediator-histamine (10−6mol.1−1).Results:Our results showed that the short-term as well as the long-term administration of fisetin caused decrease of the specific airway resistance values. The bronchodilatory effect of fisetin was comparable to the long-acting beta2sympathomimetic – salmeterol after the long-term administration. The measurements of the bronchodilatory activity after single administration have revealed more prolonged effect of fisetin comparing to the short-acting beta2sympathomimetic – salbutamol, as this remained even after the 5 hours, when salbutamol was already ineffective.Conclusion:In conclusion, flavonol – fisetin has shown bronchodilatory potential. In the light of this fact, fisetin may represent potential substance that can be effective in both prevention as well as control of airway inflammation symptoms.

scholarly journals Long-term evolution is surprisingly predictable in lattice proteins

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (82) ◽  
pp. 20130026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael E. Palmer ◽  
Arnav Moudgil ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Basins Of Attraction ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Selection ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Success ◽  
Lattice Proteins

It has long been debated whether natural selection acts primarily upon individual organisms, or whether it also commonly acts upon higher-level entities such as lineages. Two arguments against the effectiveness of long-term selection on lineages have been (i) that long-term evolutionary outcomes will not be sufficiently predictable to support a meaningful long-term fitness and (ii) that short-term selection on organisms will almost always overpower long-term selection. Here, we use a computational model of protein folding and binding called ‘lattice proteins’. We quantify the long-term evolutionary success of lineages with two metrics called the k -fitness and k -survivability. We show that long-term outcomes are surprisingly predictable in this model: only a small fraction of the possible outcomes are ever realized in multiple replicates. Furthermore, the long-term fitness of a lineage depends only partly on its short-term fitness; other factors are also important, including the ‘evolvability’ of a lineage—its capacity to produce adaptive variation. In a system with a distinct short-term and long-term fitness, evolution need not be ‘short-sighted’: lineages may be selected for their long-term properties, sometimes in opposition to short-term selection. Similar evolutionary basins of attraction have been observed in vivo , suggesting that natural biological lineages will also have a predictive long-term fitness.

In Vivo Selection Unmasks a Dormant Pool of Repopulating Hematopoietic Clones

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. 242-242
Author(s):  
Jennifer E Adair ◽  
Lauren E Schefter ◽  
Daniel R Humphrys ◽  
Kevin G Haworth ◽  
Jonah D Hocum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Selective Advantage ◽  
First Year ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
In Vivo Selection ◽  
Chemotherapy Administration ◽  
Cd34 Cells

Abstract Long-term clonal tracking studies utilizing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in nonhuman primates receiving myeloablative transplantation demonstrate a successive pattern of repopulation: short-term repopulating cells are succeeded by long-term clones. However, the duration of short-term repopulation and the numbers of clones contributing to either short or long-term repopulation are unclear. Here, we tracked >11,000 unique clones in 8 pigtail macaques for up to 9 years following myeloablative transplantation with autologous, lentivirus gene-modified CD34+ HSPCs. Seven of these animals received cells expressing the P140K mutant methylguanine methyltransferase transgene, which is resistant to the combination of O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) and bis-chloroethylnitrosourea (BCNU) chemotherapy, thus conferring a selective advantage to gene-modified cells in vivo. After transplantation and before in vivo selection with O6BG/BCNU, we observed a successive pattern of hematopoietic reconstitution, with short-term clones declining within 100 days after transplantation. Within the first year after transplant, the percent of persistent clones varied from animal-to-animal, ranging from 8% to 54% of clones detected at a >1% frequency, and remained stable in the absence of selective pressure. Importantly, when animals engrafted with P140K-expressing cells were administered O6BG/BCNU we observed novel clonal patterns, which directly correlated with transplanted cell dose and time of chemotherapy administration after transplant. In all animals, chemotherapy induced emergence of previously undetected clones. In animals receiving ≤12x106 CD34+ cells/kg at the time of transplant (n = 4), chemotherapy also induced a re-emergence of previously declined short-term repopulating clones or a stabilization (i.e. decreased fluctuation) of repopulating clones identified between 100 days and 1 year after transplant. However, in animals receiving robust cell doses, ≥35x106 CD34+ cells/kg (n = 2), chemotherapy more than 1 year after transplant induced a completely novel clonal repertoire. In one animal receiving 22x106 CD34+ cells/kg at transplant, chemotherapy administration beginning <1 year (253 days) after transplant induced clonal stability, which was maintained through two additional chemotherapy treatments. These data suggest that some short-term repopulating clones may have long-term repopulation ability, but revert to a dormant phase within the first year after transplant. Additionally, these data indicate that transplant of excess repopulating cells results in early dormancy of a large proportion of repopulating clones. Together, these findings suggest that previous estimates of HSPC frequency based on clone tracking are an underestimate of true graft repopulation potential. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

In vitro pituitary GH secretion after GHRH, forskolin, dibutyryl cyclic-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation in long-term orchidectomized rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tena-Sempere ◽  
L Pinilla ◽  
E Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Male Rats ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Camp Pathway ◽  
Kinase C ◽  
High Doses

ABSTRACT In the present work in vitro GH pituitary responsiveness to GHRH in short-term (STO) and long-term orchidectomized (LTO) male rats was compared. In agreement with previous data obtained in vivo, pituitaries from STO rats showed reduced GH release after GHRH stimulation while LTO male pituitaries presented responses similar to those from control animals after maximal GHRH (10-6 m) stimulation. This suggests that compensatory mechanisms have taken place, probably at the pituitary level, in order to restore GH pituitary responsiveness to high doses of GHRH. However, LTO male rats showed a reduced sensitivity to GHRH relative to intact males, as indicated by a higher EC50 vs controls (40·82 ± 12·03 nm vs 0·35 ± 0·09 nm in intact males). We aimed to investigate further the events involved in the compensatory mechanisms that take place in LTO rats. For this purpose, we compared in vitro GH secretion by pituitaries from intact and LTO male rats after stimulation with specific activators of the signal transduction pathways related to GH release. Forskolin and dibutyryl cyclic-adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate were more effective in eliciting GH secretion (expressed in terms of percent increment over basal GH release) in LTO males, whereas phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate was completely ineffective in stimulating GH release in this group. Thus, our results clearly showed that long-term orchidectomy enhances the effectiveness of the cAMP pathway in inducing GH release while it completely blunts that of the protein kinase C pathway. In conclusion, orchidectomy decreased the effectiveness of GHRH in eliciting GH release in vitro. However, long-term orchidectomy activated compensatory mechanisms that restored complete GH pituitary responsiveness to maximal GHRH stimulation. These mechanisms seem not to operate in STO rats. An increased effectiveness of the cAMP pathway in eliciting GH release in LTO rats is probably involved in the aforementioned compensatory mechanisms.

scholarly journals Utility of [16 alpha-125I] iodoestradiol for autoradiography for the study of cellular and regional distribution of receptors.

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
W E Stumpf ◽  
J K Morin ◽  
B W Ennis ◽  
J E Zielinski ◽  
R B Hochberg
Keyword(s):  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mouse Uterus ◽  
Cellular Resolution ◽  
In Vivo Administration

We demonstrate the utility of [16 alpha-125I]iodoestradiol for thaw-mount autoradiography with 2 micron and 4 micron thick sections of rat and mouse uterus, pituitary, and brain after in vivo administration. Under the conditions of the experiments, short-term autoradiography with exposure times between 3 and 14 days provides optimal cellular resolution, whereas long-term autoradiography with 1-2 months of exposure may be used to obtain topographic-regional surveys of distribution.

scholarly journals Hydroxyurea Can Be Used to Increase Mouse c-kit+Thy-1.1loLin−/loSca-1+ Hematopoietic Cell Number and Frequency in Cell Cycle In Vivo

Blood ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 90 (11) ◽  
pp. 4354-4362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuko Uchida ◽  
Annabelle M. Friera ◽  
Dongping He ◽  
Michael J. Reitsma ◽  
Ann S. Tsukamoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Synthesis Inhibitor ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Cell Cycle Status

Abstract The DNA synthesis inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) was administered to determine whether it induces changes in the cell-cycle status of primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)/progenitors. Administration of HU to mice leads to bone marrow accumulation of c-kit+Thy-1.1loLin−/loSca-1+ (KTLS) cells in S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle. HU is a relatively nontoxic, reversible cell-cycle agent that can lead to approximately a threefold expansion of KTLS cells in vivo and approximately an eightfold increase in the number of KTLS cells in S/G2/M. HSCs in HU-treated mice have undiminished multilineage long-term and short-term clonal reconstitution activity.

Lymphoid-Restricted Development From Multipotent Candidate Murine Stem Cells: Distinct and Complimentary Functions of the c-kit and flt3-Ligands

Blood ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 3781-3790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Johan Borge ◽  
Jörgen Adolfsson ◽  
Annica Mårtensson, Inga-Lill Mårtensson, and Sten E.W. Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Stem Cell Population ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptors ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Potential Interactions

Abstract The two tyrosine kinase receptors, c-kit and flt3, and their respective ligands KL and FL, have been demonstrated to play key and nonredundant roles in regulating the earliest events in hematopoiesis. However, their precise roles and potential interactions in promoting early lymphoid commitment and development remain unclear. Here we show that most if not all murine Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+ bone marrow (BM) cells generating B220+CD19+proB-cells in response to FL and interleukin-7 (IL-7) also have a myeloid potential. In contrast to FL + IL-7, KL + IL-7 could not promote proB-cell formation from Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+ cells. However, KL potently enhanced FL + IL-7–stimulated proB-cell formation, in part through enhanced recruitment of FL + IL-7–unresponsive Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+progenitors, and in part by enhancing the growth of proB-cells. The enhanced recruitment (4-fold) in response to KL occurred exclusively from the Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+flt3−long-term repopulating stem cell population, whereas KL had no effect on FL + IL-7–stimulated recruitment of Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+flt3+short-term repopulating cells. The progeny of FL + IL-7–stimulated Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+ cells lacked in vitro and in vivo myeloid potential, but efficiently reconstituted both B and T lymphopoiesis. In agreement with this FL, but not KL, efficiently induced expression of B220 and IL-7 receptor- on Lin−/loSca1+c-kit+flt3+cells. Thus, whereas KL appears crucial for recruitment of FL + IL-7–unresponsive candidate (c-kit+flt3−) murine stem cells, FL is essential and sufficient for development toward lymphoid restricted progenitors from a population of (c-kit+flt3+) multipotent short-term reconstituting progenitors.

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