scholarly journals RIGI, TLR7, and TLR3 Genes Were Predicted to Have Immune Response Against Avian Influenza in Indigenous Ducks

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Pal ◽  
Abantika Pal ◽  
Pradyumna Baviskar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
Mrna Expression Analysis ◽  
Frequent Mutations ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Immune Potential ◽  
Differential Mrna Expression

Avian influenza is a disease with every possibility to evolve as a human-to-human pandemic arising out of frequent mutations and genetic reassortment or recombination of avian influenza (AI) virus. The greatest concern is that till date, no satisfactory medicine or vaccines are available, leading to massive culling of poultry birds, causing huge economic loss and ban on export of chicken products, which emphasizes the need to develop an alternative strategy for control of AI. In the current study, we attempt to explore the molecular mechanism of innate immune potential of ducks against avian influenza. In the present study, we have characterized immune response molecules such as duck TLR3, TLR7, and RIGI that are predicted to have potent antiviral activities against the identified strain of avian influenza through in silico studies (molecular docking) followed by experimental validation with differential mRNA expression analysis. Future exploitation may include immunomodulation with the recombinant protein, and transgenic or gene-edited chicken resistant to bird flu.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of RIGI, TLR7 and TLR3 as immune response gene of indigenous ducks in response to Avian influenza

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aruna Pal ◽  
Abantika Pal ◽  
Pradyumna Baviskar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Response Gene ◽  
Poultry Birds ◽  
Antiviral Activities ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Immune Potential

AbstractAvian influenza is an alarming disease, which has every possibility to evolve as human to human pandemic situation due to frequent mutation and genetic reassortment or recombination of Avian influenza(AI) virus. The greatest concern is that till date no satisfactory medicine or vaccines are available, leading to massive culling of poultry birds causing huge economic loss, and ban on export of chicken products, which emphasise the need develop alternative strategy for control of AI. In the current study we attempt to explore the molecular mechanism of innate immune potential of ducks against common viral diseases including Avian influenza. In the present study, we have characterized immune response molecules as duck TLR3, TLR7, and RIGI and predicted to have potent antiviral activities against different identified strains of Avian influenza through in silico studies (molecular docking). Future exploitation involve immunomodulation with the recombinant protein, transgenic or gene-edited chicken resistant to bird flu.

scholarly journals Comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing Newcastle disease LaSota and avian influenza H9N2 Sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2493-2501
Author(s):  
Jossie Intan Cahyani ◽  
Sitarina Widyarini ◽  
Michael Haryadi Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Newcastle Disease ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Poultry Industry ◽  
Bivalent Vaccine ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition Test ◽  
White Mineral

Background and Aim: Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. The use of ND-AI inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control ND and AI disease. Bivalent ND LaSota-AI H9N2 vaccine is not yet available in Indonesia. The inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. This study aimed to develop the bivalent inactive vaccines containing ND LaSota and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate which are local isolates as poultry vaccine candidates, and formulated with two different commercial adjuvants, then compared. Materials and Methods: Two vaccines bivalent were prepared by emulsifying inactivated Newcastle disease virus (LaSota strain) and AI H9N2 Sidrap isolate viruses with Marcol white mineral oil and Montanide ISA70 adjuvants. Both of bivalent vaccines were tested for safety (physical and histopathological at the injection site) and efficacy in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Parameters used for the evaluation of the efficacy were immunogenicity by hemagglutination inhibition and protection percentage. Results: Both bivalent vaccines are safe to use. Post-vaccination (PV) immune response was observed using a hemagglutination inhibition test at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks of PV. The bivalent vaccine B gives a better immune response to ND at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of PV (p<0.05) compared to the bivalent vaccine A, but in 5, 6, 7, and 8 weeks, the PV does not show differences in the immune response. The immune response to AI H9N2 showed differences at weeks 2 and 3 PV (p<0.05) with the bivalent vaccine B indicated higher immunity. A single immunization with both bivalent vaccines induces 100% protection in chickens that have been vaccinated against the deadly challenge with the virulent ND virus. Conclusion: Both of bivalent vaccines are safe to use and provide good efficacy against virulent ND viruses, but bivalent vaccine B (with Montanide ISA70 adjuvant) shows better immune response than bivalent vaccine A (Marcol white mineral oil adjuvant).

scholarly journals Mastitis in Small Ruminants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine T. Mwenge Kahinda
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Immunological Responses

Bacterial mastitis in small ruminants is a complex disease, with massive economic loss in dairy sheep/goat industry due to poor productivity. The current mastitis prevention strategy relies on culling of infected ewes or does and or the use of antimicrobial agents to eliminate the bacterial infection. This has a potential risk for developing antibiotic resistant bacteria, posing human health risk from consumption of raw sheep or goat dairy products. Existing experimental and licensed vaccines on the market are ineffective against reducing the risk of mastitis in herds or flocks. Raising the needs for development of improved vaccines against mastitis for use in sheep and goats. This review examines, current understanding of the pathological processes and immunological responses against bacterial mastitis, using S. aureus as an example. By highlighting the protective defense mechanism induced in the udder against S. aureus mastitis. Based on evidence from published studies on pathological process and protective immune response mechanism, the need for improved vaccines for prevention of mastitis in small ruminant is highlighted and the development of a vaccine capable of enhancing immune response mechanism, that reduce the establishment of intramammary infection through induction of local IgA, IgG2 and Th17 immune responses is proposed.

scholarly journals Papain-Like Proteases as Coronaviral Drug Targets: Current Inhibitors, Opportunities, and Limitations

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasiia I. Petushkova ◽  
Andrey A. Zamyatnin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The Third ◽  
Frequent Mutations ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Viral Reproduction

Papain-like proteases (PLpro) of coronaviruses (CoVs) support viral reproduction and suppress the immune response of the host, which makes CoV PLpro perspective pharmaceutical targets. Their inhibition could both prevent viral replication and boost the immune system of the host, leading to the speedy recovery of the patient. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third CoV outbreak in the last 20 years. Frequent mutations of the viral genome likely lead to the emergence of more CoVs. Inhibitors for CoV PLpro can be broad-spectrum and can diminish present and prevent future CoV outbreaks as PLpro from different CoVs have conservative structures. Several inhibitors have been developed to withstand SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV). This review summarizes the structural features of CoV PLpro, the inhibitors that have been identified over the last 20 years, and the compounds that have the potential to become novel effective therapeutics against CoVs in the near future.

scholarly journals H7N9 not only endanger human health but also hit stock marketing

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Sun
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Chinese Traditional Medicine ◽  
Biological Product ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Closing Price ◽  
Case Number

Objective: This study aims to discuss the correlation between daily reported H7N9 cases and stock price indices in China. Methods: Information on daily reported H7N9 cases and stock market sectors indices between February 19, 2013 and March 31, 2014 were collected. A distributed lag non-linear model was used to describe the variation trend for the stock indices Results: The daily reported number of H7N9 cases was associated with the closing price of the Avian Influenza Sector Index (P < 0.05) and the opening price of the Shanghai Composite Index (P = 0.029). The Avian Influenza Sector Index decreased with increasing of daily reported case number when daily reported cases ? 4. Case number was associated with the opening/closing price of the Chinese Traditional Medicine Sector Index, the Biological Product Sector Index, and the Biomedicine Sector Index (P < 0.05). Conclusion: New or reemerging infectious diseases epidemic cause economic loss which is reflected in movements in stock prices.

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