RIGI, TLR7, and TLR3 Genes Were Predicted to Have Immune Response Against Avian Influenza in Indigenous Ducks

Avian influenza is a disease with every possibility to evolve as a human-to-human pandemic arising out of frequent mutations and genetic reassortment or recombination of avian influenza (AI) virus. The greatest concern is that till date, no satisfactory medicine or vaccines are available, leading to massive culling of poultry birds, causing huge economic loss and ban on export of chicken products, which emphasizes the need to develop an alternative strategy for control of AI. In the current study, we attempt to explore the molecular mechanism of innate immune potential of ducks against avian influenza. In the present study, we have characterized immune response molecules such as duck TLR3, TLR7, and RIGI that are predicted to have potent antiviral activities against the identified strain of avian influenza through in silico studies (molecular docking) followed by experimental validation with differential mRNA expression analysis. Future exploitation may include immunomodulation with the recombinant protein, and transgenic or gene-edited chicken resistant to bird flu.

Poultry gut health – microbiome functions, environmental impacts, microbiome engineering and advancements in characterization technologies

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) health impacts animal productivity. The poultry microbiome has functions which range from protection against pathogens and nutrients production, to host immune system maturation. Fluctuations in the microbiome have also been linked to prevailing environmental conditions. Healthy poultry birds possess a natural resistance to infection. However, the exploration of environmental impacts and other relevant factors on poultry growth and health have been underplayed. Since good performance and growth rate are central to animal production, the host-microbiome relationship remains integral. Prior to the emergence of metagenomic techniques, conventional methods for poultry microbiome studies were used and were low-throughput and associated with insufficient genomic data and high cost of sequencing. Fortunately, the advent of high-throughput sequencing platforms have circumvented some of these shortfalls and paved the way for increased studies on the poultry gut microbiome diversity and functions. Here, we give an up-to-date review on the impact of varied environments on microbiome profile, as well as microbiome engineering and microbiome technology advancements. It is hoped that this paper will provide invaluable information that could guide and inspire further studies on the lingering pertinent questions about the poultry microbiome.

Experimental induction of necrotic enteritis with or without predisposing factors using netB positive Clostridium perfringens strains

Background Poultry necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease caused by C. perfringens. The disease causing ability of this bacterium is linked with the production of a wide variety of toxins. Among them, necrotic enteritis B-like (NetB) toxin is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of NE; in addition there is some circumstantial evidence that tpeL toxin may enhance virulence, but this is yet to be definitely shown. The situation becomes more complicated in the presence of a number of predisposing factors like co-infection with coccidia, type of diet and use of high protein diet. These co-factors alter the intestinal environment, thereby favoring the production of more toxins, leading to a more severe disease. The objective of this study was to develop a successful animal model that would induce clinical signs and lesions of NE using C. perfringens type G strains obtained from field outbreaks. A separate trial was simultaneously considered to establish the role of dietary factor with coccidial co-infection in NE. Results The results have shown that use of net-B positive C. perfringens without predisposing factors induce moderate to severe NE (Av. Lesion score 1.79 ± 1.50). In a separate trial, addition of fish meal to a feed of C. perfringens challenged birds produced higher number of NE cases (Av. Lesion score 2.17 ± 1.28). However, use of less virulent E. necatrix strain along with fish meal in conjunction with net-B positive strain did not alter the severity of NE lesions in specific pathogen free chicken (Av. Lesion score 2.21 ± 1.13). Conclusions This study suggests that virulent C. perfringens type G strains can induce NE lesions in the absence of other predisposing factors. Birds in the clostridia challenged group showed moderate to severe NE lesions. Use of less virulent coccidia strain contributed to a lesser extent in increasing the severity of disease. Maize based diet along with fishmeal (1:1) increased the severity of lesions but statistically it was non-significant. The NE lesions in all experimental groups were found to be present more frequently in the duodenum. In this way, this study provided an effective model for in vivo production of NE in poultry birds.

Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium sp. infection among free-range and intensive farm birds in Akure South LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria

Background Cryptosporidium spp. is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrhoeal disease of humans and domestic animals. Transmission of Cryptosporidiosis to humans and other animals is by ingestion of oocysts of the parasite and as low as ten oocysts can cause clinical infections in otherwise healthy persons. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidiosis and compare the rate of infection between free range bird and poultry bird reared in Akure South LGA, Ondo State, Nigeria. Result The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium reported in this study was 11.9%. Free-range birds show a higher prevalence rate 13.2% of Cryptosporidium oocysts than 10.9% in poultry birds. Aule recorded the highest prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts infection (16.1%) followed by Ipinsa (12.2%), Onigari (10%), and FUTA (8.1%). The highest prevalence 15.9% was recorded in broilers, while turkey showed no infection (0%) by Cryptosporidium. Semi-intensive system of farming was showed to be more susceptible to Cryptosporidium oocysts infection at 13.3% followed by the 12.6%, 10.3% in deep litter and battery cage. The female birds recorded higher Cryptosporidium oocysts infection (12.2%) than the male (11.6%). Conclusion The study established the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts infection among studied birds in Akure South LG of Ondo State, Nigeria.

Potential sources and characteristic occurrence of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) gene-harbouring bacteria recovered from the poultry sector: a literature synthesis specific to high-income countries

Understanding the sources, prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of mcr gene-harbouring bacteria (MGHB) in the poultry sector is crucial to supplement existing information. Through this, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (PMCR) could be tackled to improve food safety and reduce public health risks. Therefore, we conducted a literature synthesis of potential sources and characteristic occurrence of MGHB recovered from the poultry sector specific to the high-income countries (HICs). Colistin (COL) is a last-resort antibiotic used for treating deadly infections. For more than 60 years, COL has been used in the poultry sector globally, including the HICs. The emergence and rapid spread of mobile COL resistance (mcr) genes threaten the clinical use of COL. Currently, ten mcr genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) have been described. By horizontal and vertical transfer, the mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4, mcr-5, and mcr-9 genes have disseminated in the poultry sector in HICs, thus posing a grave danger to animal and human health, as harboured by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella species, and Aeromonas isolates. Conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids are the major backbones for mcr in poultry isolates from HICs. The mcr-1, mcr-3 and mcr-9 have been integrated into the chromosome, making them persist among the clones. Transposons, insertion sequences (IS), especially ISApl1 located downstream and upstream of mcr, and integrons also drive the COL resistance in isolates recovered from the poultry sector in HICs. Genes coding multi-and extensive-drug resistance and virulence factors are often co-carried with mcr on chromosome and plasmids in poultry isolates. Transmission of mcr to/among poultry strains in HICs is clonally unrestricted. Additionally, the contact with poultry birds, manure, meat/egg, farmer’s wears/farm equipment, consumption of contaminated poultry meat/egg and associated products, and trade of poultry-related products continue to serve as transmission routes of MGHB in HICs. Indeed, the policymakers, especially those involved in antimicrobial resistance and agricultural and poultry sector stakeholders-clinical microbiologists, farmers, veterinarians, occupational health clinicians and related specialists, consumers, and the general public will find this current literature synthesis very useful.

Molecular Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Chicken Astrovirus Associated with Poultry Enteritis

Background: Poultry enteritis is an important multifactorial disease. Chicken Astrovirus (CAstV) usually associated with enteritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of CAstV in poultry enteritis cases, its molecular characterization, phylogenetic analysis and gross and microscopic examination of intestine and liver specimen affected with CAstV. Methods: Total 604 dead poultry birds from commercial poultry farms affected with enteritis were examined for presence of CAstV. Intestinal samples of four birds were pooled to make one biological sample. CAstV was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) using ORF-1b gene specific primers. Molecular characterization was carried out by partial gene sequencing. Result: CAstV was detected in 20.52% (31/151) of samples. Highest prevalence (49.29%) was observed in 0-1 week old chicks. The partial molecular characterization revealed high similarity of the nucleotide sequence from India (97% to 93%) and from USA, Brazil, Poland and Korea (94 to 92%). Further similarity of amino acid sequences of CAstV from India (100% to 98%) and from USA, Brazil, Poland and Korea (98 to 97%) was observed. Histopathological examination revealed villous atrophy, congestion and atrophic cystic glands in sub-mucosa of intestine. Further severe congestion and hemorrhages along with infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver parenchyma was observed.

Rice farming components for biological weed control in transplanted rice: Perspective on weedy rice management

Farming elements other than the crop, when integrated in the system, are supplementary with multifold uses that include weed and pest management. The elements such as fish and poultry birds are integrated with transplanted wetland rice (Oryza sativa L.) for ensuring livelihood and nutritional security and sustainability of the system. The integrated animal components such as poultry birds and fishes also supplement the system with weed control. The role and efficacy of these animal components as tools for managing weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) were explored as weedy rice infestation is increasing. This threat of weedy rice is due to scarcity of water resulting poor water management and improper field leveling. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella val.)caused highest reduction in weedy rice biomass of 28 % within 24h under laboratory conditions. Polyculture of grass carp, mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala Ham.), and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix val.) reduced the biomass of weedy rice by 21 % within 24 h. In laboratory studies, poultry manure at 5 % concentrationreduced the seed germination of weedy rice 100 %at the highest concentration of 5 %, compared to rice seed germination 91 %. This conformedwith microplot experiments, wherein poultry manure at 15.6 g day−1resulted in weed control index of 8 % in both years. However, poultry manure at 15.6 g day−1 in combination with herbicide application resulted the highest control indices of weedy rice with 52 % in 2017 and 2018.Integrating fish and poultry with preemergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg ha−1)resulted in highest weed control index and grain yield, in field experiments.

Heavy metal residues in offals, muscle and eggs of intensively reared poultry birds in Umuahia, Abia State

Poultry meat and poultry products have gradually become delicacy in Nigeria and are used in most celebrations for entertainment. Therefore there is the need for constant monitoring to ensure they are wholesome and suitable for human consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the presence and concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) in the thigh muscle and offals (kidney, liver and gizzard) of both broilers and layers reared under intensive system of management using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). In both broilers and layers, all meat and offal samples had concentrations of Mn and Fe that were above the maximum permissible levels (MPL) stipulated by FAO/WHO. In layers, the concentrations of Mn (5.276 ± 0.023mg/kg) and Fe (7.067 ± 0.569mg/kg) were highest in the liver. The concentration of Zn (5.039 ± 0.009mg/kg) was found to be highest in the kidney. In broilers, Mn (5.105 ± 0.053mg/kg) accumulated more in the thigh muscle than any other organ whereas the highest concentration of Fe (6.256 ± 0.246 mg/kg) was found in the liver. The mean concentration of Mn, Zn and Fe in eggs was 5.081 ± 0.033, 5.092 ± 0.021 and 7.102 ± 0.146 (mg/kg) respectively. The concentration on Mn in eggs was slightly above the maximum residual limits of 5.0 mg/kg. The high mean concentrations of Mn and Fe found in the study are of great public health concern because these metals are bioaccumulation and with continuous consumption, may pose a serious threat to public health.