scholarly journals Serum N-Glycome Diversity in Teleost and Chondrostrean Fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Aoki ◽  
Tadahiro Kumagai ◽  
René Ranzinger ◽  
Carl Bergmann ◽  
Alvin Camus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Health Care Research ◽  
Monosaccharide Composition ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Positive Mode

Recent advances in carbohydrate chemistry, chemical biology, and mass spectrometric techniques have opened the door to rapid progress in uncovering the function and diversity of glycan structures associated with human health and disease. These strategies can be equally well applied to advance non-human health care research. To date, the glycomes of only a handful of non-human, non-domesticated vertebrates have been analyzed in depth due to the logistic complications associated with obtaining or handling wild-caught or farm-raised specimens. In contrast, the last 2 decades have seen advances in proteomics, glycoproteomics, and glycomics that have significantly advanced efforts to identify human serum/plasma biomarkers for various diseases. In this study, we investigated N-glycan structural diversity in serum harvested from five cultured fish species. This biofluid is a useful starting point for glycomic analysis because it is rich in glycoproteins, can be acquired in a sustainable fashion, and its contents reflect dynamic physiologic changes in the organism. Sera acquired from two chondrostrean fish species, the Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon, and three teleost fish species, the Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, and channel catfish, were delipidated by organic extraction and the resulting protein-rich preparations sequentially treated with trypsin and PNGaseF to generate released N-glycans for structural analysis. Released N-glycans were analyzed as their native or permethylated forms by nanospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative or positive mode. While the basic biosynthetic pathway that initiates the production of glycoprotein glycan core structures is well-conserved across the teleost fish species examined in this study, species-specific structural differences were detected across the five organisms in terms of their monosaccharide composition, sialylation pattern, fucosylation, and degree of O-acetylation. Our methods and results provide new contributions to a growing library of datasets describing fish N-glycomes that can eventually establish species-normative baselines for assessing N-glycosylation dynamics associated with pathogen invasion, environmental stress, and fish immunologic responses.

Two isoprenylated flavonoids from Dorstenia psilurus activate AMPK, stimulate glucose uptake, inhibit glucose production and lower glycemia

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (24) ◽  
pp. 3687-3704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aphrodite T. Choumessi ◽  
Manuel Johanns ◽  
Claire Beaufay ◽  
Marie-France Herent ◽  
Vincent Stroobant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Glucose Production ◽  
Liver Mitochondria ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Structural Isomer ◽  
Rat Liver Mitochondria ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Ampk Activation ◽  
Starting Point

Root extracts of a Cameroon medicinal plant, Dorstenia psilurus, were purified by screening for AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in incubated mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs). Two isoprenylated flavones that activated AMPK were isolated. Compound 1 was identified as artelasticin by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and 2D-NMR while its structural isomer, compound 2, was isolated for the first time and differed only by the position of one double bond on one isoprenyl substituent. Treatment of MEFs with purified compound 1 or compound 2 led to rapid and robust AMPK activation at low micromolar concentrations and increased the intracellular AMP:ATP ratio. In oxygen consumption experiments on isolated rat liver mitochondria, compound 1 and compound 2 inhibited complex II of the electron transport chain and in freeze–thawed mitochondria succinate dehydrogenase was inhibited. In incubated rat skeletal muscles, both compounds activated AMPK and stimulated glucose uptake. Moreover, these effects were lost in muscles pre-incubated with AMPK inhibitor SBI-0206965, suggesting AMPK dependency. Incubation of mouse hepatocytes with compound 1 or compound 2 led to AMPK activation, but glucose production was decreased in hepatocytes from both wild-type and AMPKβ1−/− mice, suggesting that this effect was not AMPK-dependent. However, when administered intraperitoneally to high-fat diet-induced insulin-resistant mice, compound 1 and compound 2 had blood glucose-lowering effects. In addition, compound 1 and compound 2 reduced the viability of several human cancer cells in culture. The flavonoids we have identified could be a starting point for the development of new drugs to treat type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Natural Molecules and Neuroprotection: Kynurenic Acid, Pantethine and α-Lipoic Acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 403
Author(s):  
Fanni Tóth ◽  
Edina Katalin Cseh ◽  
László Vécsei
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Lipoic Acid ◽  
Kynurenic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Kynurenine Pathway ◽  
Glutamate Excitotoxicity ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Starting Point

The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased greatly worldwide due to the rise in life expectancy. In spite of notable development in the understanding of these disorders, there has been limited success in the development of neuroprotective agents that can slow the progression of the disease and prevent neuronal death. Some natural products and molecules are very promising neuroprotective agents because of their structural diversity and wide variety of biological activities. In addition to their neuroprotective effect, they are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and often serve as a starting point for drug discovery. In this review, the following natural molecules are discussed: firstly, kynurenic acid, the main neuroprotective agent formed via the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, as it is known mainly for its role in glutamate excitotoxicity, secondly, the dietary supplement pantethine, that is many sided, well tolerated and safe, and the third molecule, α-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant. As a conclusion, because of their beneficial properties, these molecules are potential candidates for neuroprotective therapies suitable in managing neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals How can electric lighting contribute to human health and well-being?

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-522
Author(s):  
P Raynham
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Electric Light ◽  
Health And Well Being ◽  
Hypothetical Explanation

Electric light in buildings may provide some health benefits; however, for most people these benefits are likely to be small. It is possible for electric lighting to cause health problems, if there is too little light or there is glare, but for the most part there is good guidance available and these problems can be avoided. The quality of the lit environment can have a psychological impact and this may in turn impact well-being. A starting point for this is perceived adequacy of illumination. Related lighting metrics are examined and a hypothetical explanation is suggested.

MicroRNAs mediated environmental stress responses and toxicity signs in teleost fish species

Aquaculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 737310
Author(s):  
Sayed HaidarAbbas Raz ◽  
Sameh A. Abdelnour ◽  
Mashael Alhumaidi Alotaibi ◽  
Qwiat AlGabbani ◽  
Mohammed A.E. Naiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Teleost Fish

Insights into fish-anthropogenic pressures relationships using machine learning techniques: the case of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Valerio ◽  
Graciela Gómez Nicola ◽  
Rocío Aránzazu Baquero Noriega ◽  
Alberto Garrido ◽  
Lucia De Stefano
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Boosted Regression Trees ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressures ◽  
La Mancha ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Starting Point

<p>Since 1970 the number of freshwater species has suffered a decline of 83% worldwide and anthropic activities are considered to be major drivers of ecosystems degradation. Linking the ecological response to the multiple anthropogenic stressors acting in the system is essential to effectively design policy measures to restore riverine ecosystems. However, obtaining quantitative links between stressors and ecological status is still challenging, given the non-linearity of the ecosystem response and the need to consider multiple factors at play. This study applies machine learning techniques to explore the relationships between anthropogenic pressures and the composition of fish communities in the river basins of Castilla-La Mancha, a region covering nearly 79 500 km² in central Spain. During the past two decades, this region has experienced an alarming decline of the conservation status of native fish species. The starting point for the analysis is a 10x10 km grid that defines for each cell the presence or absence of several fish species before and after 2001. This database was used to characterize the evolution of several metrics of fish species richness over time, accounting for the species origin (native or alien), species features (e.g. pollution tolerance) and habitat preferences. Random Forest and Gradient Boosted Regression Trees algorithms were used to relate the resulting metrics to the stressor variables describing the anthropogenic pressures acting in the rivers, such as urban wastewater discharges, land use cover, hydro-morphological degradation and the alteration of the river flow regime. The study provides new, quantitative insights into pressures-ecosystem relationships in rivers and reveals the main factors that lead to the decline of fish richness in Castilla-La Mancha, which could help inform environmental policy initiatives.</p>

Life in the Slow Lane: Ecology and Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Ionization Mass ◽  
Atlantic Sturgeon ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Accuracy And Precision ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Ion Exchange Separation ◽  
Radiometric Ages ◽  
Acipenser Oxyrinchus

<em>Abstract.</em> —Radiometric aging of fishes is a recently developed technique using the disequilibria of <sup>210</sup> Pb:<sup>226</sup> Ra in calcified structures to determine age. It has been applied successfully to several fish species, but certain limitations have made improvements desirable. Because <sup>226</sup> Ra can be measured directly by counting atoms using isotope-dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), a new ion-exchange separation technique was developed to isolate small quantities of radium from calcified structures for TIMS determination. The advantages of this new technique are reduced sample mass and processing time, and greater accuracy and precision of radium quantification. We applied this technique to calcified structures from three fish species: otolith cores of Pacific grenadier <em>Coryphaenoides acrolepis </em> and tarpon <em>Megalops atlanticus, </em> and pectoral fin ray cores of Atlantic sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus. </em> Annulus-derived age estimates for <em>C. acrolepis </em> were accurate with a confirmed longevity of at least 48 years. Although annulus-derived ages for <em>M. atlanticus </em> were inconsistent with radiometric ages, radiometric aging confirmed that tarpon are longlived; females may exceed 82 years. Radiometric age could not be determined for <em>A. oxyrinchus </em> because <sup>210</sup> Pb activities were greater than could be supported by ingrowth from <sup>226</sup> Ra decay. In this paper we discuss the application and limitations of this technique and its relevance to fisheries management.

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