scholarly journals European NCAP Program Developments to Address Driver Distraction, Drowsiness and Sudden Sickness

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rikard Fredriksson ◽  
Michael G. Lenné ◽  
Sjef van Montfort ◽  
Colin Grover
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
System Availability ◽  
Behavioral Complexity ◽  
Euro Ncap ◽  
Protocol Development ◽  
Cognitive Distraction ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Serious Injury

Driver distraction and drowsiness remain significant contributors to death and serious injury on our roads and are long standing issues in road safety strategies around the world. With developments in automotive technology, including driver monitoring, there are now more options available for automotive manufactures to mitigate risks associated with driver state. Such developments in Occupant Status Monitoring (OSM) are being incorporated into the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) Safety Assist protocols. The requirements for OSM technologies are discussed along two dimensions: detection difficulty and behavioral complexity. More capable solutions will be able to provide higher levels of system availability, being the proportion of time a system could provide protection to the driver, and will be able to capture a greater proportion of complex real-word driver behavior. The testing approach could initially propose testing using both a dossier of evidence provided by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) alongside selected use of track testing. More capable systems will not rely only on warning strategies but will also include intervention strategies when a driver is not attentive. The roadmap for future OSM protocol development could consider a range of known and emerging safety risks including driving while intoxicated by alcohol or drugs, cognitive distraction, and the driver engagement requirements for supervision and take-over performance with assisted and automated driving features.

scholarly journals The diversity of Leadership roles in the context of behavioral complexity theory and its impact on leadership effectiveness

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-294
Author(s):  
Saleh Abdul Rida Rashid ◽  
Amer Ali Hussein Al Atawi ◽  
Saddam Kadhim Al Khozai
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Leadership Effectiveness ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
Behavioral Repertoire ◽  
Behavioral Complexity ◽  
Behavioral Differentiation ◽  
The University

This research aims to examine the nature of the relationship between the various leadership roles and the effectiveness of leadership according to the perspective of the theory of behavioral complexity. The faculty at the University of Qadisiyahwas selected to test the hypotheses of research and to verify the objectives. The authors distributed the questionnaire to a sample of (165)individualsworking at different faculties of the university. The behavioral complexity variable consists of two dimensions, behavioral repertoire and behavioral differentiation. The variable of leadership effectiveness is treated asa single dimension variable. The study hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between the behavioral complexity and leadership effectiveness ,In other words , the educational leaders who use a variety of different roles will achieve the highest level of effectiveness. A variety of statistical tools were used to present the statistical description and hypothesis test, namely mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient,andconfirmatory factor analysis , and structural equation modeling. The results reflected the validity of the research hypotheses , and in light of that a set of conclusions and recommendations were formulated

Driver distraction and inattention in the realm of automated driving

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell L. Cunningham ◽  
Michael A. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Automated Driving

Evaluating Driver Features for Cognitive Distraction Detection and Validation in Manual and Level 2 Automated Driving

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082096414
Author(s):  
Shiyan Yang ◽  
Kyle M. Wilson ◽  
Trey Roady ◽  
Jonny Kuo ◽  
Michael G. Lenné
Keyword(s):  
Feature Selection ◽  
Domain Knowledge ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Road User ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Driving Mode ◽  
Cognitive Distraction ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
Level 2

Objective This study aimed to investigate the impacts of feature selection on driver cognitive distraction (CD) detection and validation in real-world nonautomated and Level 2 automated driving scenarios. Background Real-time driver state monitoring is critical to promote road user safety. Method Twenty-four participants were recruited to drive a Tesla Model S in manual and Autopilot modes on the highway while engaging in the N-back task. In each driving mode, CD was classified by the random forest algorithm built on three “hand-crafted” glance features (i.e., percent road center [PRC], the standard deviation of gaze pitch, and yaw angles), or through a large number of features that were transformed from the output of a driver monitoring system (DMS) and other sensing systems. Results In manual driving, the small set of glance features was as effective as the large set of machine-generated features in terms of classification accuracy. Whereas in Level 2 automated driving, both glance and vehicle features were less sensitive to CD. The glance features also revealed that the misclassified driver state was the result of the dynamic fluctuations and individual differences of cognitive loads under CD. Conclusion Glance metrics are critical for the detection and validation of CD in on-road driving. Applications The paper suggests the practical value of human factors domain knowledge in feature selection and ground truth validation for the development of driver monitoring technologies.

scholarly journals A Taxonomy of Strategies For Supporting Time-Sharing With Non-Driving Tasks in Automated Driving

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 2088-2092
Author(s):  
Dengbo He ◽  
Dina Kanaan ◽  
Birsen Donmez
Keyword(s):  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Sharing ◽  
Automated Vehicles ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Control Automation ◽  
Driving Task

Driver distraction is one of the leading causes of vehicle crashes. The introduction of higher levels of vehicle control automation is expected to alleviate the negative effects of distraction by delegating the driving task to automation, thus enabling drivers to engage in non-driving-related tasks more safely. However, before fully automated vehicles are realized, drivers are still expected to play a supervisory role and intervene with the driving task if necessary while potentially having more spare capacity for engaging in non-driving-related tasks. Traditional distraction mitigation perspectives need to be shifted for automated vehicles from mainly preventing the occurrence of non-driving-related tasks to dynamically coordinating time-sharing between driving and non-driving-related tasks. In this paper, we provide a revised and expanded taxonomy of driver distraction mitigation strategies, discuss how the different strategies can be used in an automated driving context, and propose directions for future research in supporting time-sharing in automated vehicles.

scholarly journals Driver Monitoring Systems: Perceived Fairness of Consequences when Distractions are Detected

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nees
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Safety Feature ◽  
Driver Monitoring ◽  
Versus Level ◽  
Level 2

Driver monitoring may become a standard safety feature to discourage distraction in vehicles with or without automated driving functions. Research to date has focused on technology for identifying driver distraction—little is known about how drivers will respond to monitoring systems. An exploratory online survey assessed the perceived risk and reasonableness associated with driving distractions as well as the perceived fairness of potential consequences when a driver monitoring system detects distractions under either manual driving or Level 2 automated driving. Although more re- search is needed, results suggested: (1) fairness was associated with perceived risk; (2) alerts generally were viewed as fair; (3) more severe consequences (feature lockouts, insurance reporting, automation lockouts, involuntary takeovers) generally were viewed as less fair; (4) fairness ratings were similar for manual versus Level 2 driving, with some potential exceptions; and (5) perceived risk of distractions was slightly lower with automated driving.

scholarly journals Methodological Approach towards Evaluating the Effects of Non-Driving Related Tasks during Partially Automated Driving

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelia Hollander ◽  
Nadine Rauh ◽  
Frederik Naujoks ◽  
Sebastian Hergeth ◽  
Josef F. Krems ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Driver Distraction ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Lateral Control ◽  
Test Track ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Level 2

Partially automated driving (PAD, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) level 2) features provide steering and brake/acceleration support, while the driver must constantly supervise the support feature and intervene if needed to maintain safety. PAD could potentially increase comfort, road safety, and traffic efficiency. As during manual driving, users might engage in non-driving related tasks (NDRTs). However, studies systematically examining NDRT execution during PAD are rare and most importantly, no established methodologies to systematically evaluate driver distraction during PAD currently exist. The current project’s goal was to take the initial steps towards developing a test protocol for systematically evaluating NDRT’s effects during PAD. The methodologies used for manual driving were extended to PAD. Two generic take-over situations addressing system limits of a given PAD regarding longitudinal and lateral control were implemented to evaluate drivers’ supervisory and take-over capabilities while engaging in different NDRTs (e.g., manual radio tuning task). The test protocol was evaluated and refined across the three studies (two simulator and one test track). The results indicate that the methodology could sensitively detect differences between the NDRTs’ influences on drivers’ take-over and especially supervisory capabilities. Recommendations were formulated regarding the test protocol’s use in future studies examining the effects of NDRTs during PAD.

The tangled web of agency

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Pe-Curto ◽  
Julien A. Deonna ◽  
David Sander
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Bad Company

AbstractWe characterize Doris's anti-reflectivist, collaborativist, valuational theory along two dimensions. The first dimension is socialentanglement, according to which cognition, agency, and selves are socially embedded. The second dimension isdisentanglement, the valuational element of the theory that licenses the anchoring of agency and responsibility in distinct actors. We then present an issue for the account: theproblem of bad company.

A transmission electron microscopic study of structural transitions in fast ionic conductors

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
R. B. Queenan ◽  
P. K. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Ionic Conduction ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Ionic Conductivities ◽  
Sodium Aluminate ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Ionic Conductors ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Trivalent Cations

Na ß“-alumina (Na1.67Mg67Al10.33O17) is a non-stoichiometric sodium aluminate which exhibits fast ionic conduction of the Na+ ions in two dimensions. The Na+ ions can be exchanged with a variety of mono-, di-, and trivalent cations. The resulting exchanged materials also show high ionic conductivities.Considerable interest in the Na+-Nd3+-ß“-aluminas has been generated as a result of the recent observation of lasing in the pulsed and cw modes. A recent TEM investigation on a 100% exchanged Nd ß“-alumina sample found evidence for the intergrowth of two different structure types. Microdiffraction revealed an ordered phase coexisting with an apparently disordered phase, in which the cations are completely randomized in two dimensions. If an order-disorder transition is present then the cooling rates would be expected to affect the microstructures of these materials which may in turn affect the optical properties. The purpose of this work was to investigate the affect of thermal treatments upon the micro-structural and optical properties of these materials.

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