scholarly journals Monitoring Performance in Show Jumping Horses: Validity of Non-specific and Discipline-specific Field Exercise Tests for a Practicable Assessment of Aerobic Performance

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Kirsch ◽  
Christina Fercher ◽  
Stephanie Horstmann ◽  
Caroline von Reitzenstein ◽  
Julia Augustin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Specific Field ◽  
Show Jumping ◽  
Field Exercise

Show jumping is a highly specialized equestrian discipline that requires technical skill but also power and fitness. Monitoring the horses’ aerobic performance is therefore essential in order to verify whether the training has induced the desired cardiovascular and muscular adaptations. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the validity of non-specific and discipline-specific field exercise tests for objective evaluation of aerobic performance in show jumpers. For this purpose, data obtained from horses competing at Junior and Young Rider level during show jumping competitions as well as field exercise tests were retrospectively analyzed. The effect of the level of difficulty, the horses’ age, the penalty score and the horses’ previous level of performance on blood lactate concentrations after show jumping competitions (100 observations in 49 horses) was evaluated by linear mixed effects models (horse as random effect). Estimated marginal means significantly increased from 140 (4.1 mmol/L) to 150 cm (5.2 mmol/L) classes (P = 0.02). Furthermore, post-exercise lactate values significantly increased with the horses’ age (P = 0.001). Another group of 12 horses performed a standardized incremental field exercise test on a track (SETtrack), a standardized show jumping course (SETcourse) and a standardized grid exercise (SETgrid) each on three consecutive days. Indices of aerobic performance, derived from the SETtrack [velocity at a heart rate of 140 bpm (V140) and at a lactate concentration of 2 mmol/L (VLa2)] were highly correlated with heart rate (V140: r = −0.75, P = 0.005; VLa2: r =−0.66, P = 0.02) and lactate (V140: r = −0.73, P = 0.02; VLa2: r = −0.72, P = 0.02) in response to SETcourse as well as heart rate during SETgrid (V140: r = −0.73, P = 0.02; VLa2: r = −0.76, P = 0.01). Subjective rating of muscular fatigue was significantly correlated to the mean heart rate during SETcourse (r = −0.64, P = 0.05) and SETgrid (r = −0.74, P = 0.02) but not to the aerobic indices calculated from SETtrack. Besides non-specific incremental field tests, performance monitoring in show jumpers should therefore also include discipline-specific tests that more closely reflect the internal load induced by show jumping competitions.

Heart Rate Responses to Two Field Exercise Tests by Adolescents and Young Adults with Down Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Marie Varela ◽  
Kenneth H. Pitetti
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Treadmill Exercise Test ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Shuttle Run ◽  
Field Exercise

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to determine the reflexive HR responses of 10 young adults (mean age = 18.6 ± 3 years) with Down syndrome (DS) to short, intense field tests, and (b) to compare the HR responses of the subjects in this study to previous studies that reported peak HR responses of young adults with DS during maximal treadmill exercise tests. Each subject performed a 300-yd (274-m) run and the Leger and Lambert shuttle run twice on separate days. Heart rates were recorded by telemetry every 50 yd (45.7 m) during the 300-yd run and every minute for the shuttle run. The mean HRs seen throughout both field tests were equal to or higher than peak HRs previously reported. The peak HRs observed were 10 to 30 bpm higher than those peak HRs previously reported for persons with DS of similar age during a maximal treadmill exercise test. The results of this study suggest that low peak HRs may not be specific or unique to the condition of DS.

scholarly journals Equine infectious anemia affects the athletic performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1184-1188
Author(s):  
Débora Roque de Freitas Andrade ◽  
Adalgiza Souza Carneiro Rezende ◽  
Sandra Aparecida Santos ◽  
Márcia Furlan Nogueira ◽  
Juliano Martins Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Hematocrit Level ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Graded Exercise ◽  
Equine Infectious Anemia ◽  
Brazilian Pantanal

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of equine infectious anemia (EIA) on the physical performance of equines from the Brazilian Pantanal region. A total of 16 males were evaluated, divided into two groups: 8 seronegative (G1) and 8 seropositive (G2) for EIA. Two graded exercise tests were carried out before (T1) and after (T2) 42 days of training. Heart rate, lactate concentration, distance covered, and hematocrit level were recorded. In both tests, G1 covered a greater distance. In T2, G2 had lower hematocrit levels and lower speeds reached at different lactate concentrations and heart rates. The athletic performance of the evaluated equines is affected by equine infectious anemia.

No effect of menstrual cycle phase on lactate threshold

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 2537-2543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Dean ◽  
Leigh Perreault ◽  
Robert S. Mazzeo ◽  
Tracy J. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

No previous exercise studies in women have assessed the effects of the normal menstrual cycle on the lactate threshold (LT) measured during a graded, maximal exercise test. This is relevant to our understanding of exercise training and metabolism in eumenorrheic women. The present study, therefore, examined the effect of menstrual cycle phase on the LT. Eight moderately active, eumenorrheic women performed three maximal exercise tests with simultaneous determination of LT. Tests were performed in the early follicular (low estrogen and progesterone), midfollicular (elevated estrogen and low progesterone), and midluteal (elevated estrogen and progesterone) phases of the menstrual cycle. No significant differences were observed in LT measured across phases of the menstrual cycle whether data were expressed in absolute terms (1,299 ± 70, 1,364 ± 80, and 1,382 ± 71 ml O2/min, respectively) or relative to maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max; 52.1 ± 1.7, 54.7 ± 1.7, and 55.7 ± 1.6%, respectively). In addition, there were no significant cycle phase differences in V̇o2 max, maximal heart rate, heart rate at LT, or final lactate concentration. With data combined across all phases of the menstrual cycle, there was a significant correlation between the LT and the epinephrine breakpoint ( r = 0.91, P < 0.0002) and norepinephrine breakpoint ( r = 0.94, P < 0.0001). For epinephrine only, there was close correspondence between the epinephrine breakpoint (ml O2/min) and the LT. In conclusion, LT as well as V̇o2 max and other measures of cardiorespiratory fitness are not significantly affected by the changing sex steroid levels observed across the normal menstrual cycle. Data suggest that the onset of the steep increase in epinephrine determines the LT during graded exercise.

Effects of training with different interval exercises on horses used for show jumping

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Munk ◽  
S. Møller ◽  
A. Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Independent Observer ◽  
Fatigue Score ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Interval Type ◽  
Show Jumping

Studies examining the effect of conditioning programs to improve the fitness of horses used in show jumping (Show Jumpers) are not available. Therefore, the effects of conditioning with 3 different interval type exercises were examined on 20 Show Jumpers divided into 3 groups matched by age and jumping performance level. Horses participated in 2 conditioning periods (CP) each of 6 weeks separated by 6 weeks without interval exercise. Training during a CP was the same for all horses but for one specific interval type exercise bout every 5th day. The specific interval exercise bouts were termed Gallop (n=13), Sprint (n=14) and Jump (n=13) and consisted of 4 times 90 s sessions each: Gallop were runs at the heart rate producing a blood lactate concentration (LA) of 4 mmol/l, Sprint were accelerations on the long-sides and decelerations in the short-sides of an arena, and Jump consisted of jumping obstacles of increasing height. Horses were submitted to 3 different standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after each CP: SETv4 (v4 is the speed at which a blood LA of 4 mmol/l is determined), SETjump (16 one jump obstacles in an elliptical course) and SETcourse (11 obstacles at the level of individually adjusted maximal degrees of difficulty). SETv4 showed that the v4 increased more in the Gallop (n=7) and Jump groups (n=7) than in the Sprint group (n=6). These results are based on fewer horses than the others because weather conditions did not allow for running this SET after the second period of conditioning. SETjump showed that blood LA and the level of fatigue estimated by the rider decreased after all interval type exercise bouts. A subjective fatigue score used by the rider in SETcourse improved regardless of the conditioning type of the horses, while their jumping technique improved with Gallop and Jump interval exercise only. Also the blood LA after SETcourse was lower after conditioning with Gallop and Jump interval exercise and the jumping technique improved according to an experienced independent observer in horses conditioned with Gallop, remained the same with Jump and decreased with Sprint interval exercise. In conclusion, all interval type exercise bouts examined improved parameters of fitness, but Gallop and Jump interval exercise improved more parameters than Sprint interval exercise bouts (v4, blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Gallop and Jump interval exercise; blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Sprint exercise), and Gallop as well as Jump interval exercise bouts improved the jumping technique too (as assessed by the rider and the independent observer for Gallop, and by the rider only after Jump interval exercise).

Correlation of competition performance with heart rate and blood lactate response during interval training sessions in eventing horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kirsch ◽  
M. Düe ◽  
H. Holzhausen ◽  
C. Sandersen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exponential Regression ◽  
The Difference

Objective performance monitoring in eventing horses is rare as the implementation of standardised exercise tests is commonly perceived to interfere with the daily training routine. The validity of performance parameters derived from GPS data, heart rate (HR) and post exercise blood lactate concentration (LAC) measured during usual training sessions should therefore be evaluated. Velocity (V), HR and post exercise LAC recorded during 172 interval training sessions in 30 horses were retrospectively analysed. Linear regression of HR, averaged over retrospectively defined speed ranges, was used to calculate the V at HRs of 150 (V150) and 200 (V200) beats/min. A single exponential regression model, fitted to LAC in relation to HR values from the whole group of horses, was used to predict LAC for each horse’s individual HR value and to calculate the difference between measured and predicted LAC (LACdiff). Recovery HRs were derived from bi-exponential regression of HR decrease after exercise. Results were compared between different stages of training in the same horses and between horses categorised as superior (SP) and average performer (AP) according to their competition performance. V150 and V200 significantly increased with progressing training. SP had higher V150 and V200 values, lower LACdiff values and lower HRs after 1 min of recovery (HRR60s) than AP. Competition performance was positively correlated to V150 and V200 but negatively correlated to LACdiff and HRR60s. Regular monitoring of HR and LAC in response to interval training provided valuable indicators of performance. The results of this study may contribute to an increased applicability of routine performance monitoring in eventing horses.

scholarly journals Effects of a vibrational proprioceptive stimulation on recovery phase after maximal incremental cycle test

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Coscia ◽  
Paola V. Gigliotti ◽  
Saadsaoud Foued ◽  
Alexander Piratinskij ◽  
Tiziana Pietrangelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

Global Proprioceptive Resonance (GPR) is a recently developed approach conceived to solicit the various cutaneous mechanoreceptors, through application of mechanical multifocal vibration at low amplitude and at definite body sites, limiting the stimulation of the profound structures. This interventional study evaluated the effects of GPR on cardiorespiratory function during the post-exertional recovery period. A group of volunteers involved in Triathlon (a multisport discipline consisting of sequential swim, cycle, and run disciplines higly demanding in terms of metabolic engagment), underwent two maximal incremental exercise tests until exhaustion followed alternatively to (a) a 13 minutes section of GPR or (b) a standard low intensity exercise acute trend of the same duration. These effects of these two approaches were compared in terms of recovery of: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and venous lactate concentration (Lac). The physiological parameters (HR, RR, SpO2 and Lac) recorded in the pre-exertion session showed similar values between the 40 volunteers while several differences were recorded in the post-exertion phase. After 6 min of GPR recovery it was recorded a drop in RR below baseline (19.4±4.15 min-1 vs. 12.2± 0.4 min-1; p<0.001) coupled with an increase in peripheral oxygen saturation above the baseline (GPR: 99.0%±0.16% vs. 96.6%±0.77%, p<0.001). Moreover, the most striking result was the drop in lactate concentration measured after 13 min of GPR recovery: 84.5±3.5% in GPR vs 2.9±7.6% reduction in standard recovery (p<0.001). Notably no differences were recorded recovery of heart rate. GPR has promising effects on post-exercise recovery on RR, SpO2 and lactate level on young athletes.

The Demands of Amputee Soccer Impair Muscular Endurance and Power Indices But Not Match Physical Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mário A.M. Simim ◽  
Gustavo R. da Mota ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Bruno V.C. da Silva ◽  
Marco Túlio de Mello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Power Indices ◽  
Muscular Endurance ◽  
Time Motion

We investigated the match demands (distances covered and acute physiological responses) of amputee soccer and its impact on muscular endurance and power. Measures such as heart rate, blood lactate concentration, subjective rating of perceived exertion, and time-motion characteristics were recorded in 16 Brazilian amputee soccer players during matches. Before and after matches, players completed a battery of tests: push-ups, countermovement vertical jump performance, and medicine ball throwing. Small differences were found between the first and second half for the distance covered in total and across various speed categories. Heart rate responses, blood lactate concentrations, and peak speed did not differ between halves, and all neuromuscular performance measures decreased after the match particularly after push-ups, although the rating of perceived exertion increased markedly compared with prematches. Although match physical performances were consistent across halves, the overall demands impaired test performance, especially for upper limb and closed kinetic chain exercise.

scholarly journals Effects of a vibrational proprioceptive stimulation on recovery phase after maximal incremental cycle test

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Coscia ◽  
Paola V. Gigliotti ◽  
Alexander Piratinskij ◽  
Tiziana Pietrangelo ◽  
Vittore Verratti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise ◽  
Post Exercise Recovery

Global Proprioceptive Resonance (GPR) is a recently developed approach conceived to solicit the various cutaneous mechanoreceptors, through application of mechanical multifocal vibration at low amplitude and at definite body sites, limiting the stimulation of the profound structures. This interventional study evaluated the effects of GPR on cardiorespiratory function during the post-exertional recovery period. A group of volunteers involved in Triathlon (a multisport discipline consisting of sequential swim, cycle, and run disciplines higly demanding in terms of metabolic engagment), underwent two maximal incremental exercise tests until exhaustion followed alternatively to (a) a 13 minutes section of GPR or (b) a standard low intensity exercise acute trend of the same duration. These effects of these two approaches were compared in terms of recovery of: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and venous lactate concentration (Lac). The physiological parameters (HR, RR, SpO2 and Lac) recorded in the pre-exertion session showed similar values between the 40 volunteers while several differences were recorded in the post-exertion phase. After 6 min of GPR recovery it was recorded a drop in RR below baseline (19.4±4.15 min-1 vs. 12.2± 0.4 min-1; p<0.001) coupled with an increase in peripheral oxygen saturation above the baseline (GPR: 99.0%±0.16% vs. 96.6%±0.77%, p<0.001). Moreover, the most striking result was the drop in lactate concentration measured after 13 min of GPR recovery: 84.5±3.5% in GPR vs 2.9±7.6% reduction in standard recovery (p<0.001). Notably no differences were recorded recovery of heart rate. GPR has promising effects on post-exercise recovery on RR, SpO2 and lactate level on young athletes.

scholarly journals Agreement between heart rate deflection point and maximal lactate steady state in young adults with different body masses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Afroundeh ◽  
P. Hofmann ◽  
S. Esmaeilzadeh ◽  
M. Narimani ◽  
A.J. Pesola
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Incremental Protocol ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractWe examined the agreement between heart rate deflection point (HRDP) variables with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) in a sample of young males categorized to different body mass statuses using body mass index (BMI) cut-off points. One hundred and eighteen young males (19.9 ± 4.4 years) underwent a standard running incremental protocol with individualized speed increment between 0.3 and 1.0 km/h for HRDP determination. HRDP was determined using the modified Dmax method called S.Dmax. MLSS was determined using 2-5 series of constant-speed treadmill runs. Heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration (La) were measured in all tests. MLSS was defined as the maximal running speed yielding a La increase of less than 1 mmol/L during the last 20 min. Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for HR for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = −11.5 to +9.2 b/min, ICC = 0.88; P < 0.001). Good agreement was observed between HRDP and MLSS for speed for all participants (±1.96; 95% CI = −0.40 to +0.42 km/h, ICC = 0.98; P < 0.001). The same findings were observed when participants were categorized in different body mass groups. In conclusion, HRDP can be used as a simple, non-invasive and time-efficient method to objectively determine submaximal aerobic performance in nonathletic young adult men with varying body mass status, according to the chosen standards for HRDP determination.

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