Effects of training with different interval exercises on horses used for show jumping

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Munk ◽  
S. Møller ◽  
A. Lindner
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Independent Observer ◽  
Fatigue Score ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Interval Type ◽  
Show Jumping

Studies examining the effect of conditioning programs to improve the fitness of horses used in show jumping (Show Jumpers) are not available. Therefore, the effects of conditioning with 3 different interval type exercises were examined on 20 Show Jumpers divided into 3 groups matched by age and jumping performance level. Horses participated in 2 conditioning periods (CP) each of 6 weeks separated by 6 weeks without interval exercise. Training during a CP was the same for all horses but for one specific interval type exercise bout every 5th day. The specific interval exercise bouts were termed Gallop (n=13), Sprint (n=14) and Jump (n=13) and consisted of 4 times 90 s sessions each: Gallop were runs at the heart rate producing a blood lactate concentration (LA) of 4 mmol/l, Sprint were accelerations on the long-sides and decelerations in the short-sides of an arena, and Jump consisted of jumping obstacles of increasing height. Horses were submitted to 3 different standardised exercise tests (SET) before and after each CP: SETv4 (v4 is the speed at which a blood LA of 4 mmol/l is determined), SETjump (16 one jump obstacles in an elliptical course) and SETcourse (11 obstacles at the level of individually adjusted maximal degrees of difficulty). SETv4 showed that the v4 increased more in the Gallop (n=7) and Jump groups (n=7) than in the Sprint group (n=6). These results are based on fewer horses than the others because weather conditions did not allow for running this SET after the second period of conditioning. SETjump showed that blood LA and the level of fatigue estimated by the rider decreased after all interval type exercise bouts. A subjective fatigue score used by the rider in SETcourse improved regardless of the conditioning type of the horses, while their jumping technique improved with Gallop and Jump interval exercise only. Also the blood LA after SETcourse was lower after conditioning with Gallop and Jump interval exercise and the jumping technique improved according to an experienced independent observer in horses conditioned with Gallop, remained the same with Jump and decreased with Sprint interval exercise. In conclusion, all interval type exercise bouts examined improved parameters of fitness, but Gallop and Jump interval exercise improved more parameters than Sprint interval exercise bouts (v4, blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Gallop and Jump interval exercise; blood LA and fatigue level assessed by the rider after Sprint exercise), and Gallop as well as Jump interval exercise bouts improved the jumping technique too (as assessed by the rider and the independent observer for Gallop, and by the rider only after Jump interval exercise).

Effects of previous exercise with arms or legs on metabolism and performance in exhaustive exercise

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 763-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Karlsson ◽  
F. Bonde-Petersen ◽  
J. Henriksson ◽  
H. G. Knuttgen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Creatine Phosphate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exhaustive Exercise ◽  
Leg Exercise ◽  
Muscle Groups

The ability of additional muscles to perform after certain other muscles of the body had been exercised to exhaustion was studied in three male subjects. Exhaustive exercise was performed in two series: series L-A, a bout of leg exercise preceded a bout of arm exercise; series A-L, arm preceded leg (6-min recovery between bouts). Biopsies were taken during the course of each experiment from both the deltoideus and vastus lateralis muscles for determination of ATP, creatine phosphate, lactate, and pyruvate. Exhaustive exercise led to marked elevations in lactate and decreases in ATP and CP in exercised muscle and marked increases in blood lactate concentration. Similar changes, especially in lactate, were observed during and after the first exercise bout in nonexercised muscle. When arm or leg exercise was performed as the second bout, decreases in performance time were observed as compared to performance as the initial bout. It is suggested that the performance potential of muscle is decreased because of internal changes elicited by elevated blood lactate and/or blood H+ concentrations brought about by other muscle groups previously exercised to exhaustion.

scholarly journals Reliability of the Urine Lactate Concentration After Alternating-Intensity Interval Exercise

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Kosmidis ◽  
Stefanos Nikolaidis ◽  
Alexandros Chatzis ◽  
Kosmas Christoulas ◽  
Thomas Metaxas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Active Adults

Aim: Our previous studies have shown that the post-exercise urine lactate concentration is a reliable exercise biomarker under controlled post-exercise hydration conditions. However, the reliability of the urine lactate concentration has been examined only after brief maximal exercise. As a result, there is no information about the reliability of this biomarker after prolonged submaximal exercise. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the reliability of the urine lactate concentration after interval exercise of alternating intensity under controlled or ad libitum hydration during exercise. Material & Method: Twenty-eight physically active adults (16 men and 12 women) performed three identical 45-min running tests (2 sets of 22.5 min with 3 min rest interval) on the treadmill with alternating speed and inclination at 19–24 °C, spaced three days apart. The participants drank the same amount of water during exercise in two of tests and ad libitum in the other test, in random, counterbalanced order. Blood samples were collected before exercise and 1, 3, as well as 5 min post-exercise. The highest lactate value among the post-exercise samples of each individual was recorded as his/her peak post-exercise value. Urine samples were collected before exercise and 10 as well as 60 min post-exercise and the average value of the post-exercise samples was recorded. Blood and urine lactate were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Results: The peak post-exercise blood lactate concentration was 5.5 1.7 mmol/L (mean SD throughout) for men and 4.7 1.8 mmol/L for women. The post-exercise urine lactate concentration was 1.6 1.0 mmol/L for men and 1.5 1.0 mmol/L for women. The reliability of the blood lactate concentration at the three tests was high (ICC 077–0.88), being higher under controlled hydration. However, the reliability of the urine lactate concentration was low or non-significant (ICC 0.29–0.36). Conclusions: The urine lactate concentration after prolonged submaximal exercise was lower than the corresponding blood lactate concentration and showed unsatisfactory reliability regardless of the hydration pattern during exercise. Thus, it cannot be used as a biomarker for this kind of exercise.

Lactate-guided conditioning program using variable exercise intensities improves fitness and alters muscle enzyme activity but not inflammatory response in horses

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 183-192
Author(s):  
A.L. Fisher ◽  
H.M. Greene ◽  
R.J. Talmadge ◽  
Y.S. Nout-Lomas
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Muscle Enzyme ◽  
Speed Increase ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Response To Exercise ◽  
Incremental Step

Blood lactate concentration ([LA]) response to exercise challenges can be used to assess fitness in horses. Most equine conditioning programs (CP) that have been studied are based on regular bouts of exercise of similar to increasing levels of intensity. We hypothesised that a lactate-guided CP implementing 2× weekly short-duration high-intensity exercise bouts and 1× weekly low-intensity longer-duration exercise bout effectively increases fitness in horses. Six untrained adult horses followed a 12 week CP that consisted of 2× weekly exercise on an equine treadmill (6% incline) for 25 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 4.0 mmol/l (VLA4.0) and 1× weekly for 45 min at a velocity at which [LA] was 2.5 mmol/l (VLA2.5). VLA2.5 and VLA4.0 were determined by incremental-step standardised-exercisetest (SET) before the CP and adjusted every 3 weeks. Blood was collected for [LA], creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen (Fb) before each speed increase and 30 min, 2, 4, and 24 h after termination of the SET, when [LA] was ≥4.0 mmol/l. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used for analysis. During each SET horses showed increases in heart rate (P<0.0001), packed cell volume (P=0.003), and [LA] (P=0.002). Throughout the CP, VLA2.5 increased from 5.6±0.2 to 6.7±0.3 m/s (P<0.05) and VLA4.0 increased from 6.0±0.2 to 7.4±0.3 m/s (P<0.01). CK, AST, SAA, and Fb did not increase following submaximal exercise. CK and AST activity were attenuated throughout the 12 week CP (P<0.05). This lactate-guided CP was effective at increasing fitness based on achieving higher speeds during the SETs and did not appear to have deleterious effects on the horses’ muscular system or inflammatory state.

Correlation of competition performance with heart rate and blood lactate response during interval training sessions in eventing horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kirsch ◽  
M. Düe ◽  
H. Holzhausen ◽  
C. Sandersen
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Performance Monitoring ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Exponential Regression ◽  
The Difference

Objective performance monitoring in eventing horses is rare as the implementation of standardised exercise tests is commonly perceived to interfere with the daily training routine. The validity of performance parameters derived from GPS data, heart rate (HR) and post exercise blood lactate concentration (LAC) measured during usual training sessions should therefore be evaluated. Velocity (V), HR and post exercise LAC recorded during 172 interval training sessions in 30 horses were retrospectively analysed. Linear regression of HR, averaged over retrospectively defined speed ranges, was used to calculate the V at HRs of 150 (V150) and 200 (V200) beats/min. A single exponential regression model, fitted to LAC in relation to HR values from the whole group of horses, was used to predict LAC for each horse’s individual HR value and to calculate the difference between measured and predicted LAC (LACdiff). Recovery HRs were derived from bi-exponential regression of HR decrease after exercise. Results were compared between different stages of training in the same horses and between horses categorised as superior (SP) and average performer (AP) according to their competition performance. V150 and V200 significantly increased with progressing training. SP had higher V150 and V200 values, lower LACdiff values and lower HRs after 1 min of recovery (HRR60s) than AP. Competition performance was positively correlated to V150 and V200 but negatively correlated to LACdiff and HRR60s. Regular monitoring of HR and LAC in response to interval training provided valuable indicators of performance. The results of this study may contribute to an increased applicability of routine performance monitoring in eventing horses.

scholarly journals A 1-day maximal lactate steady-state assessment protocol for trained cyclists

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Jose Ramon Lillo-Bevia ◽  
Ricardo Moran-Navarro ◽  
Alejandro Martinez-Cava ◽  
Victor Cerezuela ◽  
Jesus G. Pallares
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Maximal Lactate Steady State ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Assessment Protocol

The main aim of this study is to assess the validity of a new cycling protocol to estimate the Maximal Lactate Steady-State workload (MLSS) through a one-day incremental protocol (1day_MLSS). Eleven well-trained male cyclists performed 3 to 4 trials of 30-min constant load test (48-72h in between) to determine their respective MLSS workload. Then, on separate days, each cyclist carried out two identical graded exercise tests, comprised of four 10-minute long stages, with the initial load at 63% of their respective maximal aerobic power, 0.2 W·Kg-1 increments, and blood lactate concentration (BLC) determinations each 5 min. The results of the 1day_MLSS tests were analysed through three different constructs: i) BLC difference between 5th and 10th min of each stage (DIF_5to10), ii) BLC difference between the 10th min of two consecutive stages (DIF_10to10), and iii) difference in the mean BLC between the 5th and 10th min of two consecutive stages (DIF_mean). For all constructs, the physiological steady state was determined as the highest workload that could be maintained with a BLC rise lower than 1mmol·L-1.  No significant differences were detected between the MLSS workload (247 ± 22W) and any of the 1day_MLSS data analysis (250 ± 24W, 245 ± 23W and 243 ± 21W, respectively; p>0.05). When compared to the MLSS workload, strong ICCs and low bias values were found for these three constructs, especially for the DIF_10to10 workload (r=0.960; Bias=2.2 W). High within-subject reliability data were found for the DIF10_10 construct (ICC=0.846; CV=0.4%; Bias=2.2 ± 6.4W). The 1day_MLSS test and DIF_10to10 data analysis is a valid assessment to predict the MLSS workload in cycling, that considerably reduces the dedicated time, effort and human resources that requires the original test. The validity and reliability values reported in this project are higher than those achieved by other previous MLSS estimation tests.

Cardiometabolic and Perceptual Responses to Body-Weight Resistance High-Intensity Interval Exercise in Boys

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jeanette M. Ricci ◽  
Todd A. Astorino ◽  
Katharine D. Currie ◽  
Karin A. Pfeiffer
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Peak Heart Rate ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
High Intensity Interval

The majority of studies examining children’s responses to high-intensity interval exercise primarily utilized running; however, this modality does not require/include other important aspects of physical activity including muscular fitness. Purpose: To compare acute responses between a body weight resistance exercise circuit (CIRC) and treadmill-based (TM) high-intensity interval exercise. Method: A total of 17 boys (age = 9.7 [1.3] y) completed a graded exercise test to determine peak heart rate, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and maximal aerobic speed. Sessions were randomized and counterbalanced. CIRC required 2 sets of 30-second maximal repetitions of 4 exercises. TM included eight 30-second bouts of running at 100% maximal aerobic speed. Both included 30-second active recovery between bouts. Blood lactate concentration was measured preexercise and postexercise. Rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment were recorded preexercise, after intervals 3 and 6, and postexercise. Results: Participants attained 88% (5%) peak heart rate and 74% (9%) VO2peak for CIRC and 89% (4%) peak heart rate and 81% (6%) VO2peak for TM, with a significant difference in percentage of VO2peak (P = .003) between protocols. Postexercise blood lactate concentration was higher following CIRC (5.0 [0.7] mM) versus TM (2.0 [0.3] mM) (P < .001). Rating of perceived exertion, affective valence, and enjoyment responses did not differ between protocols (P > .05). Conclusion: HR responses were near maximal during CIRC, supporting that this body-weight circuit is representative of high-intensity interval exercise.

Cholinergic and opioid involvement in release of growth hormone during exercise and recovery

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 870-878 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Thompson ◽  
J. Y. Weltman ◽  
A. D. Rogol ◽  
D. L. Metzger ◽  
J. D. Veldhuis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽  
Testing Period

Cholinergic and opioid pathways have been implicated as mediators of the increased growth hormone (GH) release observed during exercise. This study compared the GH responses induced by a moderate-intensity exercise bout during treatment with placebo (Plac), the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (Nalt), the indirect cholinergic agonist pyridostigmine (PD), or a combination of the two drugs (P + N). Ten active males served as subjects (age, 25.1 +/- 0.6 yr; wt, 79.7 +/- 2.5 kg; % body fat, 14.9 +/- 1.4; peak oxygen consumption, 46.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg-1 x min-1). Blood samples were drawn at 5-min intervals during the 4.5-h testing period to determine the GH concentration. The testing period was divided as follows: 0600–700 h = baseline, 0700–0800 h = preexercise, 0800–0830 h = exercise, and 0830–1030 h = recovery. Drugs were administered 1 h before exercise (at 0700 h). Exercise consisted of 30 min of cycling at an individualized work load previously found to elicit a blood lactate concentration of 2.5 mM. Heart rate, oxygen consumption, blood lactate, and blood glucose were measured throughout the exercise period. Results indicated that neither the resting GH concentration nor the metabolic parameters during exercise were altered by the treatments. Peak serum GH concentration was not significantly altered by the treatments (range 7.3 +/- 2.0 to 12.6 +/- 4.4 micrograms/l).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Effect of Hyperventilation on the Lactacidaemia of Muscular Exercise

1970 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. T. Edwards ◽  
Marie Clode
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
End Tidal

1. Six men exercised at 600 kp m/min on a cycle ergometer. After a control period they hyperventilated at about twice the control level of ventilation. Capillary blood samples were taken for lactate estimations at the end of both 6 min periods. 2. Hyperventilation resulting in a fall in end-tidal Pco2 of 12·0 mmHg was associated with rise in blood lactate concentration of 1·07 mm/l. 3. It is concluded that the increase in blood lactate concentration attributable to hyperventilation is comparatively small in exercise tests involving short periods of moderately severe exertion. 4. In an additional subject exercising similarly, hyperventilation without a fall in Pco2 (‘normocapnic’ hyperventilation) was achieved by adding 3·8% CO2 to the inspired air. Subsequent hyperventilation while breathing air resulted in a fall in end-tidal Pco2 of 19·5 mmHg (‘hypocapnic’ hyperventilation) and a rise in blood lactate concentration of 1·21 mm/l. Parallel changes in pyruvate concentration occurred suggesting that lactate production had increased. Neither the origin nor the mechanism of this increase could be ascertained; however, it appeared unlikely to be due to increased anaerobic metabolism of the respiratory muscles as normocapnic hyperventilation was associated with virtually no change in blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations.

scholarly journals Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing in trained middle-distance runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie V. Kirby ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
Thomas G. Cable ◽  
Oliver J. Armstrong ◽  
Samuel R. Weaver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Heat Acclimation ◽  
Venous Occlusion ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Sauna Bathing

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex on the efficacy of intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing to induce heat acclimation and improve markers of temperate exercise performance in trained athletes. Methods Twenty-six trained runners (16 female; mean ± SD, age 19 ± 1 years, V̇O2max F: 52.6 ± 6.9 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1, M: 64.6 ± 2.4 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) performed a running heat tolerance test (30 min, 9 km⋅h−1/2% gradient, 40 °C/40%RH; HTT) and temperate (18 °C) exercise tests (maximal aerobic capacity [V̇O2max] and lactate profile) pre and post 3 weeks of normal exercise training plus 29 ± 1 min post-exercise sauna bathing (101–108 °C) 3 ± 1 times per week. Results Females and males exhibited similar reductions (interactions p > 0.05) in peak rectal temperature (− 0.3 °C; p < 0.001), skin temperature (− 0.9 °C; p < 0.001) and heart rate (− 9 beats·min−1; p = 0.001) during the HTT at post- vs pre-intervention. Only females exhibited an increase in active sweat glands on the forearm (measured via modified iodine technique; F: + 57%, p < 0.001; M: + 1%, p = 0.47). Conversely, only males increased forearm blood flow (measured via venous occlusion plethysmography; F: + 31%, p = 0.61; M: + 123%; p < 0.001). Females and males showed similar (interactions p > 0.05) improvements in V̇O2max (+ 5%; p = 0.02) and running speed at 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate concentration (+ 0.4 km·h−1; p = 0.001). Conclusions Three weeks of post-exercise sauna bathing effectively induces heat acclimation in females and males, though possibly amid different thermoeffector adaptations. Post-exercise sauna bathing is also an effective ergogenic aid for both sexes.

scholarly journals Intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing improves markers of exercise capacity in hot and temperate conditions in trained middle-distance runners

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie V. Kirby ◽  
Samuel J. E. Lucas ◽  
Oliver J. Armstrong ◽  
Samuel R. Weaver ◽  
Rebekah A. I. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Sauna Bathing

Abstract Purpose This study investigated whether intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing across three-weeks endurance training improves exercise heat tolerance and exercise performance markers in temperate conditions, compared to endurance training alone. The subsidiary aim was to determine whether exercise-heat tolerance would further improve following 7-Weeks post-exercise sauna bathing. Methods Twenty middle-distance runners (13 female; mean ± SD, age 20 ± 2 years, $$V$$ V O2max 56.1 ± 8.7 ml kg−1 min−1) performed a running heat tolerance test (30-min, 9 km h−1/2% gradient, 40 °C/40%RH; HTT) and temperate (18 °C) exercise tests (maximal aerobic capacity [$$V$$ V O2max], speed at 4 mmol L−1 blood lactate concentration ([La−]) before (Pre) and following three-weeks (3-Weeks) normal training (CON; n = 8) or normal training with 28 ± 2 min post-exercise sauna bathing (101–108 °C, 5–10%RH) 3 ± 1 times per week (SAUNA; n = 12). Changes from Pre to 3-Weeks were compared between-groups using an analysis of co-variance. Six SAUNA participants continued the intervention for 7 weeks, completing an additional HTT (7-Weeks; data compared using a one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance). Results During the HTT, SAUNA reduced peak rectal temperature (Trec; − 0.2 °C), skin temperature (− 0.8 °C), and heart rate (− 11 beats min−1) more than CON at 3-Weeks compared to Pre (all p < 0.05). SAUNA also improved $$V$$ V O2max (+ 0.27 L−1 min−1; p = 0.02) and speed at 4 mmol L−1 [La−] (+ 0.6 km h−1; p = 0.01) more than CON at 3-Weeks compared to Pre. Only peak Trec (− 0.1 °C; p = 0.03 decreased further from 3-Weeks to 7-Weeks in SAUNA (other physiological variables p > 0.05). Conclusions Three-weeks post-exercise sauna bathing is an effective and pragmatic method of heat acclimation, and an effective ergogenic aid. Extending the intervention to seven weeks only marginally improved Trec.

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