Surveys of major rice growing districts in the state of Uttar Pradesh in Northern India were conducted for 3 consecutive years during 2013 to 2015 under a government-funded major research project to determine the frequency of occurrence and disease incidence of the rice root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne graminicola, in rice paddy fields. More than 800 paddy fields from 88 Tehsils (divisions within a district) in 18 major rice growing districts in Uttar Pradesh were surveyed, where M. graminicola was associated with root-knot disease in rice paddy fields based on morphological and molecular characterization of juveniles and adults. The highest frequency of disease in rice fields was observed in Aligarh (44.6%), followed by Muzaffarnagar, Shahjahanpur, and Kheri Lakhimpur (29.3, 28.0, and 27.4%, respectively). Maximum disease incidence was also recorded in Aligarh (44.6%), followed by Sultanpur, Mainpuri, and Muzaffarnagar (5.7, 5.2, and 4.5, respectively). Gall index and egg mass index values (on a 0 to 10 scale) were highest in Aligarh (3.5 and 2.1, respectively), followed by Muzaffarnagar (2.6 and 2.0) and Mainpuri (2.3 and 1.8). The average soil population of M. graminicola was highest in Aligarh (3,851 ± 297 second-stage juveniles [J2]/kg of soil), followed by Muzaffarnagar (2,855 ± 602 J2/kg of soil), whereas the lowest population was recorded in Barabanki (695 ± 400 J2/kg of soil) at the time of harvesting. Relative yield losses were also determined, and the highest yield loss attributed to M. graminicola infestation was recorded in Aligarh (47%). The yield loss was linearly correlated with the soil population density of M. graminicola and disease incidence.
Host-Induced Silencing of FMRFamide-Like Peptide Genes, flp-1 and flp-12, in Rice Impairs Reproductive Fitness of the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne graminicola
