scholarly journals Night Temperature Determines the Interannual Yield Variation in Hybrid and Inbred Rice Widely Used in Central China Through Different Effects on Reproductive Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liying Huang ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Yunbo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Central China ◽  
Daily Minimum Temperature ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Yield Variation

Interannual variation in grain yield of rice has been observed at both farm and regional scales, which is related to the climate variability. Previous studies focus on predicting the trend of climate change in the future and its potential effects on rice production using climate models; however, field studies are lacking to examine the climatic causes underlying the interannual yield variability for different rice cultivars. Here a 6-year field experiment from 2012 to 2017 was conducted using one hybrid (Yangliangyou6, YLY6) cultivar and one inbred (Huanghuazhan, HHZ) cultivar to determine the climate factors responsible for the interannual yield variation. A significant variation in grain yield was observed for both the inbred and hybrid cultivars across six planting years, and the coefficient of variation for grain yield was 7.3–10.5%. The night temperature (average daily minimum temperature, Tmin) contributed to the yield variability in both cultivars. However, the two cultivars showed different responses to the change in Tmin. The yield variation in HHZ was mainly explained by the effects of Tmin on grain filling percentage and grain weight, while the change in spikelets m−2 in response to Tmin accounted for the yield variability in YLY6. Further analysis found that spikelets m−2 of YLY6 significantly and negatively correlated with Tmin from transplanting to heading. For HHZ, the grain filling percentage and grain weight were significantly affected by Tmin of the week prior to heading and from heading to maturity, respectively. Overall, there were differences in the response mechanism between hybrid and inbred cultivars to high night temperature. These will facilitate the development of climate-resilient cultivars and appropriate management practices to achieve a stable grain yield.

Identification of yield limiting phenological phases of oats to improve crop management

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. FINNAN ◽  
J. SPINK
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Filling Phase ◽  
Naked Oats ◽  
Phenological Phases

SUMMARYThe optimization of management practices for oats is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the critical phenological phases at which management should be focussed. The objective of the present review was to identify the yield-limiting phases in the growth of the oat crop in order to optimize management and to maximize yield. The methodology employed was to identify characteristics associated with either the pre-anthesis grain number determination phase or with the post-anthesis grain filling phase. Characteristics associated with the pre-anthesis phase were identified as a positive linear relationship between yield and grain number, in addition to insensitivity of grain weight to changes in assimilate supply. Characteristics associated with the post-anthesis grain filling phase were identified as an absence of a relationship between yield and sink size (grain number) and changes in grain weight in response to changes in assimilate supply. Data was taken from published literature. Yields of both winter- and spring-sown hulled oats increased linearly with grain number showing a strong influence of grain number on yield. Grain weight of both winter- and spring-hulled oats, however, decreased with increasing grain number suggesting that competition for assimilates may exist at high grain number. Further evidence of the influence of assimilate supply on grain yield was obtained from several studies which showed that yield increased with leaf area duration as well as from studies where grain weight was found to decrease after reductions in assimilate supply per grain, whereas grain weight increased when assimilate supply to grain was increased. Oat crops also feature a grain abortion mechanism when assimilate supply is constrained. Yield of naked oats increased with grain number before reaching a plateau, a trend which suggests source limitation at high grain numbers. The available evidence suggests that yield is primarily determined by grain number determination but that grain yield is also potentially limited by assimilate availability in the post-anthesis period. It is recommended that crop management strategies for oats should aim both to increase grain number in the pre-anthesis period but also prolong the grain filling period after anthesis. Such a post-anthesis strategy should both reduce the possibility of yield being limited by assimilate availability and compensate for the production of smaller grains at higher grain numbers.

Control of Grain Yield by Sink Capacity and Assimilate Supply in Various Rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Fukai ◽  
L. Li ◽  
P. T. Vizmonte ◽  
K. S. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Sink Capacity ◽  
Single Grain ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SummaryThe objective of this study was to identify whether grain yield in four contrasting rice cultivars is limited by supply of assimilate to fill the grains or by sink capacity to accept the assimilate. Grain yield was limited mostly by sink capacity, with little variation in single grain weight among cultivars, but an old cultivar showed some ability to adjust single grain weight. Sink capacity was very sensitive to variation in assimilate supply immediately after anthesis. Reduction in assimilate supply in the anthesis to early grain filling period reduced filled grain percentage and grain yield, particularly in high yielding cultivars with a large number of grains per panicle.

Source - sink effects on grain weight of bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale at different locations

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel F. Calderini ◽  
M. P. Reynolds ◽  
G. A. Slafer
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Source Sink ◽  
Source Limitation

Source limitation during grain filling is important for both management and breeding strategies of grain crops. There is little information on the sensitivity of grain weight of temperate cereals to variations in source–sink ratios, and no studies are available on the comparative behaviour of temperate cereals growing together in the same experiment. The objective of the current study was to evaluate, under field conditions, the response of grain weight to different source–sink ratios during grain filling in high-yielding cultivars of bread wheat, durum wheat, and triticale at 2 contrasting locations. Two experiments were carried out at C. Obregon and El Batan in Mexico. In each location, 6 genotypes (2 bread wheat, 2 durum wheat, 2 triticale) were evaluated. A week after anthesis, 2 source–sink (control and halved spikes) treatments were imposed. Location and genotype significantly (P < 0.01) affected grain yield and components. Significant grain weight increases (P < 0.05) were found only in 2 cases in El Batan. The highest response of 17% was found in triticale, with less than 10% in most of the other genotypes. The effect of genotype and location is discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Transplanting Times on Rate and Duration of Grain Filling, Final Grain Weight and Grain Yield of Rice Cultivars

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
pp. 137-149
Author(s):  
A. Vahdati-Rad ◽  
M. Esfahani ◽  
GH. Mohsenabadi ◽  
A. Sabouri ◽  
A. Aalami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Cultivars

scholarly journals Phenotypic Traits, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Maize Cultivars Under Combinations of Management Practices in Semi-arid Conditions of Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Rahimi Jahangirlou ◽  
Gholam Abbas Akbari ◽  
Iraj Alahdadi ◽  
Saeid Soufizadeh ◽  
Uttam Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Semi Arid

AbstractIn semi-arid regions, selecting cultivars and planning management practices are critical issues for improving yields and reducing risks of maize cultivation in the short summer cropping season. This study aimed to assess the responses of grain yield (GY) and important phenotypic characteristics of maize cultivars from different maturity groups under various irrigation regimes, planting dates, and nitrogen rates, in a 2-year experiment. According to the clusters identified in the loading plot, stover yield, radiation use efficiency (RUE), height, leaf greenness index, stem weight, and ear size during flowering (VT/R1) were strongly correlated with GY, yield components and harvest index. Based on analysis of variance, more irrigation or N, or their interaction often increased GY, rows ear−1, grains row−1 and hundred-grain weight. Late planting decreased GY of KSC704 (late maturity cultivar). KSC260 (early maturity cultivar) had greater flexibility in planting time, required less days for maturity, and had less water consumption. The findings highlight the physiological basis of the relationship between the different phenotypic characteristics and how they affect GY and its components. They were in line with the established theories that higher RUE, biomass and sink activity (e.g. grain weight and numbers, and larger ear size) are associated with better genetic gains to produce high GY. Although the results were not consistent between years, findings suggested the good performance of recently released early maturity cultivars for use during the summer growing season.

scholarly journals Productivity Enhancement of Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica L.) through Critical Agronomic Interventions under Southern Agro-Climatic Zone of Andhra Pradesh

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Karanam Navya Jyothi ◽  
V. Sumathi ◽  
D. Subramanyam ◽  
P. Sudhakar ◽  
T. Giridhar Krishna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Hand Weeding

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 and 2017 at S.V. Agricultural College farm, Tirupati to study the influence of spacing, nutrient and weed nutrient management practices on growth and yield of foxtail millet. Significant effects were noticed on growth and yield components viz., plant height, number of panicles m-2, weight of the panicle, grain weight panicle-1, grain and straw yield of foxtail millet. Among different plant geometries tried, closer spacing of 20 cm x10 cm registered taller plants, higher number of panicles m-2, higher grain and straw yield, where as the weight of the panicle, grain weight panicle-1 were found to be highest with 30 cm x10 cm. Among the micronutrient management practices, foliar application of ZnSO4@ 0.5% twice at the time of flowering and at grain filling stage along with 100% RDF registered taller plants as well as higher grain yields.Hand weeding at 20 DAS and 30 DAS outperformed other weed management practices. This was followed by pre-emergence application of butachlor @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 with one hand weeding at 30DAS.The study concluded that the closer spacing of 20cmx 10cm, foliar application of ZnSO4 at the time of flowering and 20 days after flowering along with RDF and hand weeding twice at 20 DAS and 30 DAS resulted in higher productivity of foxtail millet.

scholarly journals Response of phytohormone homeostasis to heat stress and the roles of phytohormones in rice grain yield: a review

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Wu ◽  
She Tang ◽  
Ganghua Li ◽  
Shaohua Wang ◽  
Shah Fahad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Reproductive Stage ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Heat Effects

Rice is highly susceptible to heat stress at the reproductive stage. In this review, we first summarize recent progress in heat effects on rice grain yield during different reproductive stages. Different responses of yield traits of rice to heat stress during different reproductive stages are identified. The number of spikelets per panicle is reduced by heat stress during the early reproductive stage but is not affected by heat stress during the mid-late reproductive stage. Spikelet sterility induced by heat stress can be attributed primarily to physiological abnormalities in the reproductive organs during flowering but attributed to structural and morphological abnormalities in reproductive organs during panicle initiation. The lower grain weight caused by heat stress during the early reproductive stage was due to a reduction in non-structural carbohydrates, undeveloped vascular bundles, and a reduction in grain length and width, while a shortened grain filling duration, reduced grain filling rate, and decreased grain width affect grain weight when heat stress occurs during grain filling. Phytohormones play vital roles in regulating plant adaptations against heat stress. We discuss the processes involving phytohormone homeostasis (biosynthesis, catabolism, deactivation, and transport) in response to heat stress. It is currently thought that biosynthesis and transport may be the key processes that determine phytohormone levels and final grain yield in rice under heat stress conditions. Finally, we prospect that screening and breeding rice varieties with comprehensive tolerance to heat stress throughout the entire reproductive phase could be feasible to cope with unpredictable heat events in the future. Studies in phytohormone homeostatic response are needed to further reveal the key processes that determine phytohormone levels under heat condition.

scholarly journals ­­­Can Combination of UAV-derived Vegetation Indices with Biophysical Variable(s) Improve Yield Variability Assessment in Smallholder Farms?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius Adewopo ◽  
Helen Peter ◽  
Alpha Kamara ◽  
Ibrahim Mohammed ◽  
Bernard Vanlauwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Vegetation Indices ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Smallholder Farms ◽  
Maize Genotypes

Rapid assessment of maize yields in smallholder farming system is important to understand its spatial and temporal variability and for timely agronomic decision-support. Imageries acquired with unmanned air vehicles (UAV) offer opportunity to assess agronomic variables at field scale, however, it is not clear if this can be translated into reliable yield assessment on smallholder farms where field conditions, maize genotypes, and management practices vary within short distances. This study was conducted to assess the predictability of maize grain yield using UAV-derived vegetation indices (VI), with(out) biophysical variables, in smallholder farms. High-resolution images were acquired with UAV-borne multispectral sensor at 4 and 8 weeks after sowing (WAS) on 31 farmers&rsquo; managed fields (FMFs) and 12 nearby Nutrient Omission Trials (NOT), all distributed across 5 locations within the core maize region of Nigeria. The NOTs included non-fertilized and fertilized plots (with and without micronutrients), sown with open pollinated or hybrid maize genotypes. Acquired multispectral images were post-processed into several three (s) vegetation indices (VIs), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference red-edge (NDRE), green-normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI). Biophysical variables, plant height (Ht) and percent canopy cover (CC), were measured with the georeferenced plot locations recorded. In the NOTs, the nutrient status, not genotype, influenced the grain yield variability and outcome. The maximum grain yield observed in NOTs was 9.3 tha-1, compared to 5.4 tha-1 in FMF. Without accounting for between- and within-field variations, there was no relationship between UAV-derived VIs and grain yield at 4WAS (r&lt;0.02, P&gt;0.1), but significant correlations were observed at 8WAS (r&le;0.3; p&lt;0.001). Ht was positively correlated with grain yield at 4WAS (r=0.5, R2=0.25, p&lt;0.001), and more strongly at 8WAS (r=0.7, R2=0.55, p&lt;0.001), while relationship between CC and yield was only significant at 8WAS. By accounting for within- and between-field variations in NOTs and FMF (separately) through linear mixed-effects modeling, predictability of grain yield from UAV-derived VIs was generally (R2&le;0.24), however, the inclusion of ground-measured biophysical variable (mainly Ht) improved the explained yield variability (R2 &ge;0.62, RMSEP&le;0.35) in NOTs but not in FMF. We conclude that yield prediction with UAV-acquired imageries (before harvest) is more reliable under controlled experimental conditions (NOTs), compared to actual farmer-managed fields where various confounding agronomic factors can amplify noise-signal ratio.

scholarly journals Effect of weed management practices on the performance of transplanted aman rice varieties

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
J Ferdous ◽  
N Islam ◽  
MA Salam ◽  
MS Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Hand Weeding ◽  
Crop Parameters ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of weed management practices on the performance of transplanted aman rice varieties. The experimental treatments comprised three varieties viz. BR11, BRRI dhan39 and Binadhan7 and seven weeding treatments viz., weedy check, hand weeding at 15 and 35 DATs, application of early post-emergence herbicide Manage (Pyrazosulfuron ethyl), application of pre-emergence herbicide Rifit (Pretilachlor), Manage + one hand weeding at 35 DAT, application of Rifit + one hand weeding at 35 DAT and weed free. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results reveal that varieties should significant variation on plant height, number of total tillers hill-1, number of effective tillers hill-1, number of non-effective tillers hill-1, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, number of sterile spikelets penicle-1, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index. Grain yield was the highest in BRRI dhan39. Weeding regime had also significant effect on all the studied crop parameters except 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield was obtained from weed free condition followed by hand weeding at 15 and 35 DATs. Interaction between variety and weeding regime had significant influence on all the studied crop parameters except 1000-grain weight. The highest grain yield was obtained from the interaction of BRRI dhan39 × weed free condition which was statistically identical (5.50 t ha-1) with interaction of variety BR11 × two hand weedings at 15 and 35 DATs. Therefore it may be concluded that BR11 rice could be cultivated using two hand weedings at 15 and 35 DATs for obtaining higher yield.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(1): 17-22, June 2016

scholarly journals Yield response of selected irrigated rice varieties to varying N, P and K fertilizer regimes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
J Chirchir ◽  
G Chemining’wa ◽  
F Nzuve ◽  
R Murori
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Regimes

Rice production has been inconsistent in Mwea irrigation scheme due to poor crop management practices and reduced soil fertility. Proper rice nutrition conserves the environment, increases sustained crop production, farmer’s crop yield and profits. A field experiment was conducted at MIAD Center, in Kirinyaga County, during 2016-17 and 2017- 18 to determine the response of rice varieties to different N, P and K fertilizer treatments. The trial was conducted in randomized complete block design, with three replications of 13 N, P and K fertilizer regimes as the main plots treatments and varieties Basmati 370 and BW 196 as the sub-plot treatment. The N kg ha-1: P2O5 kg ha-1: K2O kg ha-1 fertilizer treatment ratios used were: 00:00:00, 60:40:40, 80:60:60, 100:80:80, 60:40:00, 80:60:00, 100:80:00, 60:00:40, 80:00:60, 100:00:80, 00:40:40, 00:60:60 and 00:80:80. Plant height, number of tillers hill-1, panicle length, and grain yield responded positively to fertilizer application, but 1000-grain weight did not. Variety BW 196 recording shorter plants and panicles, more tillers hill-1, higher grain weight and yield than variety Basmati 370. 00:40:40, 00:60:60, 00:80:80, 60:40:00 and the no-fertilizer control treatments recorded the least number of tillers hill-1. 60:40:40, 80:60:60, 100:80:80, fertilizer treatments had longer panicles than the no fertilizer control and 00:40:40. Except for 100:80:00 and 00:40:40, in the first season and 60:40:00, 80:60:00, 100:80:00 in the second season, all the fertilizer regimes increased grain yield relative to the control. The highest grain yield was realized in fertilizer regime 80:60:60, 100:80:80, 80:00:60 and 100:00:80. 80:00:60 is the recommended fertilizer regime. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (2): 42-46, December, 2018

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