scholarly journals Root Endophytes and Ginkgo biloba Are Likely to Share and Compensate Secondary Metabolic Processes, and Potentially Exchange Genetic Information by LTR-RTs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zou ◽  
Xueduan Liu ◽  
Qi Hu ◽  
Du Zhang ◽  
Shaodong Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Mutual Transformation ◽  
Alkaloid Biosynthesis ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Gene Profiles ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Ginkgo biloba is a pharmaceutical resource for terpenes and flavonoids. However, few insights discussed endophytes’ role in Ginkgo, and whether genetic exchange happens between Ginkgo and endophytes remains unclear. Herein, functional gene profiles and repetitive sequences were analyzed to focus on these issues. A total of 25 endophyte strains were isolated from the Ginkgo root and distributed in 16 genera of 6 phyla. Significant morphological diversities lead to the diversity in the COG functional classification. KEGG mapping revealed that endophytic bacteria and fungi potentially synthesize chalcone, while endophytic fungi might also promote flavonoid derivatization. Both bacteria and fungi may facilitate the lignin synthesis. Aspergillus sp. Gbtc_1 exhibited the feasibility of regulating alcohols to lignans. Although Ginkgo and the endophytes have not observed the critical levopimaradiene synthase in ginkgolides synthesis, the upstream pathways of terpenoid precursors are likely intact. The MVK genes in Ginkgo may have alternative non-homologous copies or be compensated by endophytes in long-term symbiosis. Cellulomonas sp. Gbtc_1 became the only bacteria to harbor both MEP and MVA pathways. Endophytes may perform the mutual transformation of IPP and DMAPP in the root. Ginkgo and bacteria may lead to the synthesis and derivatization of the carotenoid pathway. The isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis seemed lost in the Ginkgo root community, but L-dopa is more probably converted into dopamine as an essential signal-transduction substance. So, endophytes may participate in the secondary metabolism of the Ginkgo in a shared or complementary manner. Moreover, a few endophytic sequences predicted as Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia superfamilies exhibited extremely high similarity to those of Ginkgo. CDSs in such endophytic LTR-RT sequences were also highly homologous to one Ginkgo CDS. Therefore, LTR-RTs may be a rare unit flowing between the Ginkgo host and endophytes to exchange genetic information. Collectively, this research effectively expanded the insight on the symbiotic relationship between the Ginkgo host and the endophytes in the root.

scholarly journals Looking For Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolizing Microorganisms In The Oral Cavity of Smokers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
M. Paul Chiarelli ◽  
Sylvia I. Pavlova ◽  
Joel L. Schwartz ◽  
James V. DeFrancesco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Microbes ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Pah Exposure ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Oral Microbes ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract Certain soil microbes resist and metabolize polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The same is true for certain skin microbes. Oral microbes have the potential to oxidize tobacco PAHs to increase their ability to cause cancer. We hypothesized that oral microbes that resist high levels of PAH in smokers exist and can be identified based on their resistance to PAHs. We isolated bacteria and fungi that survived long term in minimal media with PAHs as the sole carbon source from the oral cavity in 11 of 14 smokers and only 1 of 6 nonsmokers. Of bacteria genera that included species that survived harsh PAH exposure in vitro, all were found at trace levels on the oral mucosa, except for Staphylococcus and Actinomyces. Two PAH-resistant strains of Candida albicans (C. albicans) were isolated from smokers. C. albicans is found orally at high levels in tobacco users and some Candida species can metabolize PAHs. The two C. albicans strains were tested for metabolism of two model PAH substrates, pyrene and phenanthrene. The result showed that the PAH-resistant C. albicans strains did not metabolize the two PAHs. In conclusion, evidence for large scale oral microbial metabolism of tobacco PAHs by common oral microbes remains lacking.

scholarly journals Ginkgo Biloba Extract and Long-Term Cognitive Decline: A 20-Year Follow-Up Population-Based Study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e52755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Amieva ◽  
Céline Meillon ◽  
Catherine Helmer ◽  
Pascale Barberger-Gateau ◽  
Jean François Dartigues
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Ginkgo Biloba Extract ◽  
Population Based Study

scholarly journals High similarity between EEG from subcutaneous and proximate scalp electrodes in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1451-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigge Weisdorf ◽  
Sirin W. Gangstad ◽  
Jonas Duun-Henriksen ◽  
Karina S. S. Mosholt ◽  
Troels W. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Real Life ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Scalp Eeg ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
The Impact

Subcutaneous recording using electroencephalography (EEG) has the potential to enable ultra-long-term epilepsy monitoring in real-life conditions because it allows the patient increased mobility and discreteness. This study is the first to compare physiological and epileptiform EEG signals from subcutaneous and scalp EEG recordings in epilepsy patients. Four patients with probable or definite temporal lobe epilepsy were monitored with simultaneous scalp and subcutaneous EEG recordings. EEG recordings were compared by correlation and time-frequency analysis across an array of clinically relevant waveforms and patterns. We found high similarity between the subcutaneous EEG channels and nearby temporal scalp channels for most investigated electroencephalographic events. In particular, the temporal dynamics of one typical temporal lobe seizure in one patient were similar in scalp and subcutaneous recordings in regard to frequency distribution and morphology. Signal similarity is strongly related to the distance between the subcutaneous and scalp electrodes. On the basis of these limited data, we conclude that subcutaneous EEG recordings are very similar to scalp recordings in both time and time-frequency domains, if the distance between them is small. As many electroencephalographic events are local/regional, the positioning of the subcutaneous electrodes should be considered carefully to reflect the relevant clinical question. The impact of implantation depth of the subcutaneous electrode on recording quality should be investigated further. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first publication comparing the detection of clinically relevant, pathological EEG features from a subcutaneous recording system designed for out-patient ultra-long-term use to gold standard scalp EEG recordings. Our study shows that subcutaneous channels are very similar to comparable scalp channels, but also point out some issues yet to be resolved.

Long-term changes in rumen fermentation in defaunated sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
P.P. Frumholtz ◽  
R.J. Wallace ◽  
C.J. Newbold ◽  
E.R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

The removal of ciliate protozoa, or defaunation, results in the establishment of a new ecosystem in the rumen, consisting only of bacteria and fungi. Although extensive research has been done on ciliate-free ruminants, the role of protozoa in the rumen still provokes considerable debate. The diversity of experimental design, such as animal species, defaunation method, and diet could account for many of the differences observed between defaunation studies. Also it is important to examine the stability of the ciliate-free ecosystem. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in rumen fermentation of ciliate-free sheep over a period of one year.Eight male castrated sheep, weighing 60-70 kg, received twice daily 700 g of a diet of hay, barley, molasses, fish meal and vitamins/minerals (500, 299.5, 100, 91 and 9.5 g/kg DM respectively). Four sheep were defaunated by the rumen washing technique (Jouany and Senaud, 1979) and kept in isolated pens while the other four were left faunated with a mixed type A ciliate protozoa population. Rumen samples were withdrawn via the rumen cannula and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein -1, 0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after feeding. There were three sampling periods: one month, six months and one year after defaunation.

The biosynthesis of protoberberine and related isoquinoline alkaloids

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (13) ◽  
pp. 1588-1597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Holland ◽  
Peter W. Jeffs ◽  
Thomas M. Capps ◽  
David B. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloids ◽  
Alkaloid Biosynthesis ◽  
Hydrastis Canadensis ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of berberine and hydrastine (in Hydrastis canadensis), corydaline and protopine (in Corydalis solida), and ochotensimine and protopine (in C. ochotensis), has been investigated by the administration of [3-14C]-3′,4′-dihydroxyphenylalanine ([3-14C]DOPA). In all cases, incorporation of label was predominantly into the isoquinoline portion of the alkaloid. The role of DOPA in the early stages of isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in these plants is discussed in the light of this and other relevant data. In addition, the later stages of corydaline biosynthesis have been studied by the administration of [9-methoxy-14C]palmatine and -tetrahydropalmatine to C. solida, and the origin of the exocyclic carbons of ochotensimine further verified by feeding [methyl-14C,3H]methionine to C. ochotensis.

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