scholarly journals State of the Art of Genetic Engineering in Potato: From the First Report to Its Future Potential

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanesa Nahirñak ◽  
Natalia I. Almasia ◽  
Matías N. González ◽  
Gabriela A. Massa ◽  
Cecilia A. Décima Oneto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Plastid Transformation ◽  
Nuclear Genome ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Insert Size ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Inducible Promoters ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a crop of world importance that produces tubers of high nutritional quality. It is considered one of the promising crops to overcome the challenges of poverty and hunger worldwide. However, it is exposed to different biotic and abiotic stresses that can cause significant losses in production. Thus, potato is a candidate of special relevance for improvements through conventional breeding and biotechnology. Since conventional breeding is time-consuming and challenging, genetic engineering provides the opportunity to introduce/switch-off genes of interest without altering the allelic combination that characterize successful commercial cultivars or to induce targeted sequence modifications by New Breeding Techniques. There is a variety of methods for potato improvement via genetic transformation. Most of them incorporate genes of interest into the nuclear genome; nevertheless, the development of plastid transformation protocols broadened the available approaches for potato breeding. Although all methods have their advantages and disadvantages, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most used approach. Alternative methods such as particle bombardment, protoplast transfection with polyethylene glycol and microinjection are also effective. Independently of the DNA delivery approach, critical steps for a successful transformation are a rapid and efficient regeneration protocol and a selection system. Several critical factors affect the transformation efficiency: vector type, insert size, Agrobacterium strain, explant type, composition of the subculture media, selective agent, among others. Moreover, transient or stable transformation, constitutive or inducible promoters, antibiotic/herbicide resistance or marker-free strategies can be considered. Although great efforts have been made to optimize all the parameters, potato transformation protocols are highly genotype-dependent. Genome editing technologies provide promising tools in genetic engineering allowing precise modification of targeted sequences. Interestingly, transient expression of genome editing components in potato protoplasts was reported to generate edited plants without the integration of any foreign DNA, which is a valuable aspect from both a scientific and a regulatory perspective. In this review, current challenges and opportunities concerning potato genetic engineering strategies developed to date are discussed. We describe their critical parameters and constrains, and the potential application of the available tools for functional analyses or biotechnological purposes. Public concerns and safety issues are also addressed.

scholarly journals Micronutrient Biofortification in Rice through New Breeding Techniques (NBTs): Bangladesh Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bishajit Sarkar ◽  
Fayza Akter ◽  
Fatema Tuz Johora ◽  
Md. Asad Ullah ◽  
Abdullah Mohammad Shohael
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Conventional Breeding ◽  
Vitamin B9 ◽  
New Breeding Techniques ◽  
Breeding Techniques

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are serious health issues in developing countries of Asia and Africa, where millions of people are suffering from inadequate micronutrient intake. In Bangladesh, micronutrient deficiencies are found severe due to low income, food habits, and rice-based staple food consumption, (rice has an insufficiency of different types of vitamins and minerals). To lessen micronutrient malnutrition, supplementation has been employed but has not yet reached the goal. Agronomic and genetic biofortification has the potential to address micronutrient deficiencies. Biofortification in Rice grain is a convenient and affordable way to supply the desired micronutrients. The development of micronutrient-rich popular rice cultivars through conventional breeding is currently being harnessed for the limitation of natural resources of the related donor rice cultivars containing the required amount of micronutrients. To overcome these hurdles of conventional breeding, genetic engineering and genome editing have emerged as promising tools of micronutrient biofortification in rice. Methods: Identify the needs and explore the potential strategies by the search for relevant literature known to the authors was carried out to complete this review. Results: Highlighted here the sources, functions, and requirements of iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B9, and betanin in rice and their biofortification through conventional breeding, genetic engineering, and genome editing including their promises and hindrances. Conclusion: New breeding techniques are timely alternatives for developing nutrient-rich rice cultivars to eliminate hidden hunger and poverty in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenya Zhuo ◽  
Jiabin Zhang ◽  
Jung-Hwan Lee ◽  
Ju Jiao ◽  
Du Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Clinical Translation ◽  
Small Molecule Activation ◽  
Simple Design ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Spatiotemporal Control ◽  
Critical Challenge ◽  
Target Effects

AbstractThe clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology, as a revolutionary breakthrough in genetic engineering, offers a promising platform to improve the treatment of various genetic and infectious diseases because of its simple design and powerful ability to edit different loci simultaneously. However, failure to conduct precise gene editing in specific tissues or cells within a certain time may result in undesirable consequences, such as serious off-target effects, representing a critical challenge for the clinical translation of the technology. Recently, some emerging strategies using genetic regulation, chemical and physical strategies to regulate the activity of CRISPR/Cas9 have shown promising results in the improvement of spatiotemporal controllability. Herein, in this review, we first summarize the latest progress of these advanced strategies involving cell-specific promoters, small-molecule activation and inhibition, bioresponsive delivery carriers, and optical/thermal/ultrasonic/magnetic activation. Next, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of various strategies and discuss their obstacles and limitations in clinical translation. Finally, we propose viewpoints on directions that can be explored to further improve the spatiotemporal operability of CRISPR/Cas9.

Approaches to motion control intellectualization of a mobile robot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stepan A. Lapshinov ◽  
Vadim A. Shakhnov ◽  
Anton V. Yudin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robot ◽  
Motion Control ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Software Complex ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Drive Control ◽  
Omni Wheel

The paper considers the principles of intelligent motion control of mobile robots using the example of omni-wheel modules. The proposed design solution uses components of movement intelligence in any direction, receiving commands from a human operator or above a standing automatic control device, consisting of an angle of movement direction and the required distance of movement. This paper presents an embodiment of using omni-wheels to move a mobile robot over a flat surface. Features of device and application of drive with three omni-wheels in comparison with differential drive are considered. Kinematics, basic principles of motion control formation, hardware and software complex for its implementation are described. There were revealed two alternative methods of organization of drive control in conditions of shortage of low-level hardware resources on the basis of 8-bit microcontroller, their advantages and disadvantages have been analyzed. Process support and materials have been presented that allows realizing the competitive advantages of development while minimizing the cost of components. Features of mobile robot travel route development have been mentioned on the example of competitive practice.

scholarly journals Opportunities and Questions: A Short Report on Rubric Assessments in Asia and the Middle East

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Learning Theories ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Rating Systems ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Impact

This qualitative short report considers the viability of the use of rubrics or alternative methods to assess writing in Asia and the Middle East. The background of learning theories, assessment types, and self-assessment literature provides a foundation for further discussion of the appropriate use of rubrics, including the prioritization of criterion, the quality of scoring, the impact of organizational features on scoring, the influence of bias, and the best application of rubric assessment. Relevant points for further study are identified, such as differentiation in research between generalized analytical rating systems and rubric assessment with specific, empirical criterion. The contradictory research regarding the advantages and disadvantages of rubric assessment in comparison with holistic assessment are of particular and crucial interest for global pedagogy. Many of the reviewed Western articles excluded Asian perspectives- except for China- and thus present a limited understanding of social and educational compatibility with new assessments and rubric assessments in particular. The discussion identifies patterns and points of contention and seeks to explore viewpoints rather than limit the scope of inquiry and consideration thus noting that relevant literature suggests that with appropriate teacher training, teachers may appropriately use rubrics as a formative assessment tool for writing in Asia and the Middle East.

Evaluation of diploid potato germplasm for applications of genome editing and genetic engineering

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thilani B. Jayakody ◽  
Felix Eugenio Enciso-Rodríguez ◽  
Jacob Jensen ◽  
David S. Douches ◽  
Satya Swathi Nadakuduti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Diploid Potato ◽  
Potato Germplasm

Estimation of the proportion of C3 and C4 plant species in the diet of animals from the ratio of natural 12C and 13C isotopes in the faeces

1979 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Jones ◽  
M. M. Ludlow ◽  
J. H. Troughton ◽  
C. G. Blunt
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
C4 Plant ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
C Isotopes ◽  
Tropical Legumes ◽  
C Value ◽  
13C Isotopes ◽  
Definition Of

SummaryThe relation between the ratio of the natural 12C and 13C isotopes of carbon in the feed and resultant faeces of animals was studied to develop a technique for estimating the proportion of C3 species (tropical legumes) and C4 species (tropical grasses) selected by grazing animals.In general, theδ13C values (see text for definition) of faeces from rabbits, sheep, goats and cattle were lower (more negative) than those of the corresponding feeds by from 0·4 to 2·0. This was possibly due to contamination in the gut by tissues or fluids with lower δ13C values. When C4 and C3 feeds were alternated, cattle took about a week to fully achieve the new level (δ13C of – 28·7 on the C3 feed and – 13·1 on the C4 feed) in the faeces. This time lag is associated with the time taken for the feed to move through the digestive tract.When mixed C3 and C4 feeds were fed to rabbits, sheep, goats and cattle there was a negative linear relation between percentage legume (C3) in the feed and the δ13C of the faeces (P < 0·01). A decrease in one unit in the δ13C value was associated with an increase of 7·0–8·5% legume in the diet.Estimation of the percentage legume in the feed from the δ13C value of the faeces and of the C3 and C4 components of the diet, resulted in a consistent over estimation of the legume component because the faeces had lower values than the corresponding feeds. This bias was removed if the prediction was based on the δ13C of the feeds minus 1 unit; the legume percentage in the diets of the sheep, goats and cattle could then be estimated with a precision of about ± 5%.Differences in digestibility between the C3 and C4 components greatly bias the estimations. This bias in the diets fed to rabbits was effectively removed by using in vitro organic matter digestibility values of the two components to correct for the differences. Legume percentage in the diet could then be estimated with a RSD of ± 3%.Advantages and disadvantages compared with alternative methods of estimating the diet of grazing animals are discussed.

Recent advances in measurement of amylase activity--a comparative study.

1980 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 846-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Kaufman ◽  
N W Tietz
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Preliminary Discussion ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Analytical Range

Abstract We evaluated four kinetic amylase procedures with respect to kinetics, analytical range, blank rates, reagent stability, reagent impurities, interfering substances, and intrinsic sensitivities. Each of the methods is shown to have its own unique advantages and disadvantages. A preliminary discussion of some alternative methods, in which glycosidic p-nitrophenyl alpha-oligosaccharides are substrates, is included.

scholarly journals Estimation of ethylene production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid in plants by means of gas chromatography

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 55-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Fišerová ◽  
Z. Mikušová ◽  
M. Klemš
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Endogenous Level ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
And Storage

The paper deals with problems associated with preparation and collection of samples when estimating the production of ethylene and content of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) in plants by means of gas chromatography. A proper method of sampling can significantly influence not only the reliability of obtained data but also their interpretation. Attention was paid to cultivation of plant material, sampling vessels, conditions of ethylene production, sampling procedure, and storage of gaseous samples. The estimation of ACC as a precursor of ethylene is more laborious but it supplements the information about the endogenous level of ethylene in a given part of the plant organism. The authors describe the sampling procedure, methods of sample preservation, extraction and purification, and also the method of oxidation of ACC to ethylene. In the final part of this study the authors evaluate the time consumption and difficulty of individual methods and describe their advantages and disadvantages as compared with other, alternative methods.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas9 System for Plant Genome Editing: Current Approaches and Emerging Developments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Adolf V. Montecillo ◽  
Luan Luong Chu ◽  
Hanhong Bae
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Plant Genome ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Editing Efficiency ◽  
Targeted Gene Editing ◽  
Transgene Detection ◽  
Selection Of

Targeted genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 has been widely adopted as a genetic engineering tool in various biological systems. This editing technology has been in the limelight due to its simplicity and versatility compared to other previously known genome editing platforms. Several modifications of this editing system have been established for adoption in a variety of plants, as well as for its improved efficiency and portability, bringing new opportunities for the development of transgene-free improved varieties of economically important crops. This review presents an overview of CRISPR-Cas9 and its application in plant genome editing. A catalog of the current and emerging approaches for the implementation of the system in plants is also presented with details on the existing gaps and limitations. Strategies for the establishment of the CRISPR-Cas9 molecular construct such as the selection of sgRNAs, PAM compatibility, choice of promoters, vector architecture, and multiplexing approaches are emphasized. Progress in the delivery and transgene detection methods, together with optimization approaches for improved on-target efficiency are also detailed in this review. The information laid out here will provide options useful for the effective and efficient exploitation of the system for plant genome editing and will serve as a baseline for further developments of the system. Future combinations and fine-tuning of the known parameters or factors that contribute to the editing efficiency, fidelity, and portability of CRISPR-Cas9 will indeed open avenues for new technological advancements of the system for targeted gene editing in plants.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document