scholarly journals Pepper Fruit Elongation Is Controlled by Capsicum annuum Ovate Family Protein 20

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yelena Borovsky ◽  
Amit Raz ◽  
Adi Doron-Faigenboim ◽  
Hanita Zemach ◽  
Eldad Karavani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Cultivated Species

Fruit shape is one of the most important quality traits of pepper (Capsicum spp.) and is used as a major attribute for the classification of fruit types. Wide natural variation in fruit shape exists among the major cultivated species Capsicum annuum, allowing the identification of several QTLs controlling the trait. However, to date, no genes underlying fruit shape QTLs have been conclusively identified, nor has their function been verified in pepper. We constructed a mapping population from a cross of round- and elongated-fruited C. annuum parents and identified a single major QTL on chromosome 10, termed fs10, explaining 68 and 70% of the phenotypic variation for fruit shape index and for distal fruit end angle, respectively. The QTL was mapped in several generations and was localized to a 5 Mbp region containing the ortholog of SlOFP20 that suppresses fruit elongation in tomato. Virus-induced gene silencing of the pepper ortholog CaOFP20 resulted in increased fruit elongation on two independent backgrounds. Furthermore, CaOFP20 exhibited differential expression in fs10 near-isogenic lines, as well as in an association panel of elongated- and round-fruited accessions. A 42-bp deletion in the upstream region of CaOFP20 was most strongly associated with fruit shape variation within the locus. Histological observations in ovaries and fruit pericarps indicated that fs10 exerts its effect on fruit elongation by controlling cell expansion and replication. Our results indicate that CaOFP20 functions as a suppressor of fruit elongation in C. annuum and is the most likely candidate gene underlying fs10.

scholarly journals DNA methylation is involved in the regulation of pepper fruit ripening and interacts with phytohormones

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 1928-1942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xiao ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
Qixiumei He ◽  
Yixin Wang ◽  
Huolin Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Upstream Region ◽  
Transcriptional Level ◽  
Gibberellin Biosynthesis ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Pepper Fruit

Abstract There is growing evidence to suggest that epigenetic tags, especially DNA methylation, are critical regulators of fruit ripening. To examine whether this is the case in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) we conducted experiments at the transcriptional, epigenetic, and physiological levels. McrBC PCR, bisulfite sequencing, and real-time PCR demonstrated that DNA hypomethylation occurred in the upstream region of the transcription start site of some genes related to pepper ripening at the turning stage, which may be attributed to up-regulation of CaDML2-like and down-regulation of CaMET1-like1, CaMET1-like2, CaCMT2-like, and CaCMT4-like. Silencing of CaMET1-like1 by virus-induced gene silencing led to DNA hypomethylation, increased content of soluble solids, and accumulation of carotenoids in the fruit, which was accompanied by changes in expression of genes involved in capsanthin/capsorubin biosynthesis, cell wall degradation, and phytohormone metabolism and signaling. Endogenous ABA increased during fruit ripening, whereas endogenous IAA showed an opposite trend. No ethylene signal was detected during ripening. DNA hypomethylation repressed the expression of auxin and gibberellin biosynthesis genes as well as cytokinin degradation genes, but induced the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes. In mature-green pericarp, exogenous ABA induced expression of CaDML2-like but repressed that of CaCMT4-like. IAA treatment promoted the transcription of CaMET1-like1 and CaCMT3-like. Ethephon significantly up-regulated the expression of CaDML2-like. Treatment with GA3 and 6-BA showed indistinct effects on DNA methylation at the transcriptional level. On the basis of the results, a model is proposed that suggests a high likelihood of a role for DNA methylation in the regulation of ripening in the non-climacteric pepper fruit.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Cracking and Scarring in Pepper Fruit

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 172-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Johnson ◽  
Dean E. Knavel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Average Rating ◽  
Fruit Cracking ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
The Mean

Cracking and scarring of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit are under genetic control in families having the cultivar Serrano Chili as the P1 parent. Fruit of `Serrano Chili' exhibited slight cuticle cracking or scarring, with no wall cracking, for an average rating of 2.2. Fruit cracking ratings of the P2 parents (`Anaheim Chili', `Red Cherry Small', and `Keystone Resistant Giant') were 1.0, 1.0, and 1.8, respectively, whereas ratings for F, (`Serrano Chili' × `Anaheim Chili'), F1(`Serrano Chili' × `Red Cherry Small'), and F, (`Serrano Chili' × `Keystone Resistant Giant') were 3.5, 2.8, and 3.5, respectively—an indication of overdominance. Cracking ratings in F2 and BCP2 populations were very similar and shifted toward the mean of the P2 parent within each family, while ratings in the BCP1 populations were similar to the F1 mean. Estimates of gene effects for cracking were mostly dominant, with some additive effects in `Serrano Chili' × `Anaheim Chili' and `Serrano Chili' × `Keystone Resistant Giant' families, and additive × additive epistasis in `Serrano Chili' `Keystone Resistant Giant'. Plants selected from segregating generations for either high and low scarring or high and low cracking produced progeny the following year with lower ratings than their respective mother's rating the previous year. Since cracking and scarring were significantly correlated with length, diameter, and length: diameter ratio of fruit in only a few generations and in segregating progeny of selected plants, fruit shape has minimal relationship to cracking and scarring.

Fuzzy model for grape sugar content and fruit shape index with irrigation quota as parameter

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-351
Author(s):  
Tao LI ◽  
Jian-Feng ZHANG ◽  
Jiang-Hui ZHANG ◽  
Quan-Jiu WANG ◽  
Sheng-Jiang ZHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Content ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Fruit Shape

scholarly journals Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Fruits Contain an Atypical Peroxisomal Catalase That Is Modulated by Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species

Antioxidants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Rodríguez-Ruiz ◽  
Salvador González-Gordo ◽  
Amanda Cañas ◽  
María Jesús Campos ◽  
Alberto Paradela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Cysteine Residue ◽  
Nitrogen Species ◽  
Capsicum Annuum L ◽  
Native Molecular Mass ◽  
Pepper Fruit

During the ripening of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits, in a genetically controlled scenario, enormous metabolic changes occur that affect the physiology of most cell compartments. Peroxisomal catalase gene expression decreases after pepper fruit ripening, while the enzyme is also susceptible to undergo post-translational modifications (nitration, S-nitrosation, and oxidation) promoted by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Unlike most plant catalases, the pepper fruit enzyme acts as a homodimer, with an atypical native molecular mass of 125 to 135 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.4, which is higher than that of most plant catalases. These data suggest that ROS/RNS could be essential to modulate the role of catalase in maintaining basic cellular peroxisomal functions during pepper fruit ripening when nitro-oxidative stress occurs. Using catalase from bovine liver as a model and biotin-switch labeling, in-gel trypsin digestion, and nanoliquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, it was found that Cys377 from the bovine enzyme could potentially undergo S-nitrosation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a cysteine residue from catalase that can be post-translationally modified by S-nitrosation, which makes it especially important to find the target points where the enzyme can be modulated under either physiological or adverse conditions.

scholarly journals Harnessing anthocyanin-rich fruit: a visible reporter for tracing virus-induced gene silencing in pepper fruit

Plant Methods ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jihyun Kim ◽  
Minkyu Park ◽  
Eun Soo Jeong ◽  
Je Min Lee ◽  
Doil Choi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Pepper Fruit

scholarly journals On the evaluation of chicken egg shape variability

2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miroslav Havlíček ◽  
Šárka Nedomová ◽  
Jana Simeonovová ◽  
Libor Severa ◽  
Ivo Křivánek
Keyword(s):  
Shape Index ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Geometrical Parameters ◽  
Fourier Descriptors ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Maximum Width ◽  
Chicken Egg ◽  
Egg Shape ◽  
Elliptic Fourier Descriptors

Although recently reported models for determining egg shape are highly accurate, certain com­pli­ca­ted measurements or computations are to be performed. Thus relatively simple and attainable analysis methods of chicken egg shape variability were chosen and used for the purpose of presented research. Sample of 250 eggs of ISA BROWN strain was examined. Geometrical parameters were measured and calculated with following expression of their coefficient of variation – namely egg length 3.56 %, egg maximum width 2.84 %, shape index 3.80 %, surface area 5.08 %, and egg volume 7.23 %. The second method consisted in shape quantitative measuring by the score of the principal components of elliptic Fourier descriptors (EFDs). The first four principles components which could explain over 99 % of the egg shape variations were found to be very good measures of the monitored phenomenon. It was found that 87.41 % of the total shape variation can be accounted to length to width ratio. Usefulness and relevance of the shape index usage was confirmed.

scholarly journals Biochemical composition and shape-dimensional traits of rosehip genotypes

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bünyamin Demir ◽  
Bahadır Sayıncı ◽  
Mehmet Yaman ◽  
Ahmet Sümbül ◽  
Ercan Yıldız ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Image Processing Technique ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Elliptic Fourier Analysis ◽  
Projected Area ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Linear Discriminant

Abstract In the present study, the biochemical composition and shape and dimensional traits of 25 rosehip (Rosa canina) genotypes were investigated. The shape and dimensional traits were determined by image processing technique. Seed-propagated rosehip genotypes belonging to R. canina were collected from the natural flora of Mesudiye (Ordu) and Talas (Kayseri) districts. Antioxidant activity (39.510–72.673 mmol · kg−1), total flavonoids (287.80–1,686.20 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) · kg−1) and total phenolics (38,519.40–79,080.60 mg gallic acid equivalent · kg−1) of the genotypes exhibited large variations. Width (12.2 mm) and thickness (12.5 mm) of fruits averages were found to be close to each other. The genotypes exhibited fruit lengths between 12.0 mm and 29.5 mm. Average projected area at horizontal orientation (179.7 mm2) was greater than the projected area at vertical orientation (120.4 mm2). Sphericity average was calculated as 71.4%. According to principal component (PC) analysis, the most important dimensional traits discriminating genotypes from each other were identified as surface area, geometric mean diameter and volume. In terms of shape attributes, distinctive differences were observed in sphericity, circularity, elongation and surface closure rates (SCR) of the genotypes. According to elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA), genotypes look like a sphere. In terms of shape, there were long, spherical, flat bottomed, pointed bottomed and asymmetric-looking genotypes indicating how environment and genotype affect the fruit shape. The greatest shape variation was transverse contraction and expansion. According to the clustering analysis for shape attributes, rosehip genotypes were classified into six groups. Dendrogram, scatter plots of linear discriminant analysis and paired comparison test results put forth the shape differences of the genotype successfully.

Pepper variome reveals the history and key loci associated with fruit domestication and diversification

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Giuliano ◽  
Yacong Cao ◽  
Kang Zhang ◽  
Hailong Yu ◽  
Donghui Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Auxin Transport ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Temporal Succession ◽  
Genomic Regions

Abstract Pepper (Capsicum spp.) is one of the earliest domesticated crops, providing a unique pungent sensation when eaten. Through the construction of the first pepper variome, we describe the main groups that emerged during domestication and breeding of C. annuum, their relations and temporal succession, and the molecular events underlying the main transitions. The initial differentiation in fruit shape and pungency, increase in fruit weight, and transition from erect to pendent fruits, and the recent appearance of blocky, large, sweet fruits (bell peppers), were accompanied by strong selection/fixation of key alleles and introgressions in two large genomic regions. Furthermore, we describe the identification of Up, a key domestication gene controlling erect vs pendent fruit orientation, encoding a BIG GRAIN protein involved in auxin transport, and Flip1 associated with capsaicinoid content, encoding a protein involved in phospholipid flipping. The function of Up was confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. These findings constitute a cornerstone for understanding the domestication and differentiation of a key horticultural crop.

scholarly journals Tomato Phenotypic Diversity Determined by Combined Approaches of Conventional and High-Throughput Tomato Analyzer Phenotyping

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amol N. Nankar ◽  
Ivanka Tringovska ◽  
Stanislava Grozeva ◽  
Daniela Ganeva ◽  
Dimitrina Kostova
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Shape Index ◽  
Fruit Shape ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Correlation Networks ◽  
Vegetative Traits ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Shape And Size ◽  
Tomato Analyzer

Morphological variation in vegetative and fruit traits is a key determinant in unraveling phenotypic diversity. This study was designed to assess phenotypic diversity in tomatoes and examine intra- and intervarietal groups’ variability using 28 conventional descriptors (CDs) and 47 Tomato Analyzer (TA) descriptors related to plant and fruit morphometry. Comprehensive phenotyping of 150 accessions representing 21 countries discerned noticeable variability for CD vegetative traits and TA quantified fruit features, such as shape, size, and color. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the accessions into 10 distinct classes based on fruit shape and size. Multivariate analysis was used to assess divergence in variable traits among populations. Eight principal components with an eigenvalue >1 were identified by factor analysis, which contributed 87.5% variation to the total cumulative variance with the first two components contributing 32.0% and 18.1% variance, respectively. The relationship between vegetative and fruit descriptors was explained by respective CD and TA correlation networks. There was a strong positive correlation between fruit shape and size whereas negative correlations were between fruit shape index, internal eccentricity, and proximal end shape. The combined approach of CD and TA phenotyping allowed us to unravel the phenotypic diversity of vegetative and reproductive trait variation evaluated at pre- and post-harvest stages.

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