First list of parasitoids in flies of medical, veterinary, and forensic importance in Rio Grande do Sul – Brazil

Necrophagous flies are of great importance for human and animal health. In places where their development occurs, parasitoids can be used as a tool to control these dipterans. In Brazil, the fauna of these parasitoids has been investigated in some regions. However, in Rio Grande do Sul, it is known the occurrence of only one species. Thus, this study aimed to create the first list of parasitoids in flies of medical and veterinary importance in Southern Brazil. Collections took place in the municipality of Pelotas (31º 42’ S; 52º 18’ W). Three replicates consisting of a 500 g bovine liver chunk placed in a tray were exposed to open air for 20 days. Then pupae were individualized and observed until their emergence. We identified 4,882 adult flies of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, and Sarcophagidae. 4,040 parasitoids emerged, belonging to eight species, of which Nasonia vitripennis, Spalangia cameroni, Spalangia chontalensis, and Tachinephagus zealandicus are new records in Rio Grande do Sul state. Also, three undescribed species of the genus Aphaereta were collected. In spite of being the first attempt to inventory the fauna of hymenopteran parasitoids, this study may help in the development of management programs of these dipterans in the region.

Development of a new highly sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method for the determination of selenium at nano-trace levels in various complex matrices using salicylaldehyde-orthoaminophenol

A new spectrophotometric reagent, salicylaldehyde-orthoaminophenol (Sal-OAP) has been synthesized and characterized for the determination of selenium through novel reaction techniques. Also, a new highly selective, and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the nano-trace determination of selenium using salicylaldehyde-orthoaminophenol (Sal-OAP) has been developed. Sal-OAP undergoes reaction in a slightly acidic solution (0.0001-0.0002 M H2S04) with selenium (IV) to give an orange-red chelate, which has an absorption maximum at 379 nm. The reaction is instantaneous and absorbance remains stable for over 24 h. The average molar absorption co-efficient and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 6.4×105 L/mol.cm and 1.0 ng/cm2 of, respectively. Linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.001-40.000 mg/Lof Se having detection limit of 0.1 µg/L and RSD 0-2 %. The stoichiometric composition of the chelate is 1:2 (Se:Sal-OAP). A large excess of over 60 cations, anions and some common complexing agents, such as chloride, azide, tartrate, EDTA, SCN¯etc., do not interfere in the determination. The developed method was successfully used in the determination of selenium in several Certified Reference Materials (Alloys, steels, human urine, bovine liver, drinking water, tea, milk, soil, and sediments) as well as in some environmental waters (Potable and polluted), biological fluids (Human blood, urine, hair, and milk), soil samples, food samples (Vegetables, rice, and wheat) and pharmaceutical samples (Tablet and syrup) and solutions containing both selenium (IV) and selenium (VI) as well as complex synthetic mixtures. The results of the proposed method for assessing biological, food and vegetables and soil samples were comparable with ICP-OES and AAS were found to be in excellent agreement. The method has high precision and accuracy (s = ±0.01 for 0.5 mg/L).

Investigation of Beta-Lactam and Tetracycline Group Antibiotic Residues in Bovine Liver, Kidney and Muscle Tissue

In this study, beta-lactam and tetracycline antibiotic residues were investigated in cattle liver, kidney and muscle samples. For this purpose, a total of 75 bovine tissue samples (each of 25 from liver, kidney, muscle) taken from 25 cattle slaughtered in a local slaughterhouse in Sivas were used as materials. ELISA method was applied in the analysis and it was studied with commercial test kits. According to the results of the analysis; beta-lactam and tetracycline residues were detected in all bovine tissue samples. Beta-lactam level was determined between 0.75-1.07 ppb (mean 0.94 ± 0.01) in liver samples, 0.67-1.05 ppb (mean 0.81 ± 0.01) in kidney samples and 0.70-2.57 ppb (mean 0.97 ± 0.07) in muscle samples. Tetracycline level was detected in the range of 4.48-8.50 ppb (mean 6.14 ± 0.17) in liver samples, 1.73-6.39 ppb (mean 4.90 ± 0.24) in kidney samples and 3.31-7.45 ppb (mean 5.67 ± 0.25) in muscle samples. The residue levels determined in the examples complied with the legal limits reported in the European Commission and the Turkish Food Codex Communiqué.

APLICACIÓN DE COLORACIONES ESPECIALES EN EL DIAGNÓSTICO HISTOPATOLÓGICO: TINCIÓN TRICRÓMICA DE MASSON

Masson's trichrome (MT) is a three-color staining protocol used in histology. MT allows to show and quantify changes such as tissue repair (healing) and collagen deposition. Also, it can be used to quantify blood vessels, in epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. The objective of this work is to describe the MT staining technique and to exemplify some applications of this technique in routine veterinary histopathological diagnosis. Archived histologic sections were selected from the records of the histopathology laboratory. Tissues were selected in base on theirs structures and lesions that could be evaluated with MT: a rabbit lung with a chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia; a bovine liver with lesions of Echium plantagineum poisoning; and a bovine eyelid with a squamous cell carcinoma. The TM was able to show fibroplasia in the pulmonary interstitium and confirm the presence of a chronic respiratory process, and clearly revealed an abundant fibrovascular tumor stroma, with profuse connective tissue and neovascularization between the tumor cells in deep dermis. In the liver, extensive and marked fibroplasia was confirmed. MT represents a complementary coloration to routine hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) and provides accurate information from several pathological processes, mainly those related to fibrovascular proliferation and scarring.

Identification Des Lésions Hépatiques D’origine Parasitaire Chez Les Bovins De L’abattoir De Daloa (Centre-Ouest De La Côte d’Ivoire)

Description du sujet. Cette étude relative aux pathologies du foie de bovin a été effectuée à l’abattoir de la ville de Daloa. Elle a concerné 345 bovins de la race Zébu.Objectifs. Cette étude a pour but de contribuer à la sécurité alimentaire en fournissant des données sur les pathologies hépatiques.Méthode. Une inspection post mortem faisant appel aux capacités sensorielles, telles que la vue, l’odorat et le toucher a été réalisée. Le foie suspecté est saisi et fait l’objet d’une incision pour une inspection plus détaillée.Résultats. Nous avons procédé à la saisie des foies de 110 bovins présentant des lésions prédominantes qui sont de la plus dominante à la moins : la distomatose, l’abcès, la sclérose du foie, la cholangite sténosante, la cholangite fibrosante, l’hépatite nécrosante, la télangiectasie maculeuse, etc.Conclusion. Des règles d’hygiène strictes à l’abattoir et à l’endroit de la population bovine doivent être respectées pour limiter la propagation des germes et éviter les contaminations des manipulateurs et des consommateurs. Description of the subject. This study on pathologies of bovine liver was carried out at the slaughterhouse in the town of Daloa. It concerned 345 cattle of the Zebu Breed.Objectives. This study aims to contribute to food security by providing data on hepatic pathologies.Method. A post-mortem inspection using sensory abilities, such as sight, smell and touch was performed. The suspected liver is seized and incised for further inspection. Results. We seized the livers of 110 cattle with predominant lesions which are from the most dominant to the least: distomatosis, abscess, sclerosis of the liver, stenosant cholangitis, fibrosing cholangitis, necrotizing hepatitis, macular telangiectasia, etc.Conclusions. Strict hygiene rules at the slaughterhouse and at the location of the bovine population must be observed to limit the spread of germs and prevent contamination of handlers and consumers.

PSIII-6 Relationship of geographical location, cattle type, sex, and pen size to rates of liver abnormalities

Bovine liver abscess outcomes of individual animals (n = 989,296) were observed from 2013 to 2021 on a pen (n = 6,420) basis to quantify liver abscess prevalence and severity, as well as other liver abnormalities such as liver flukes. Cattle originated from 122 feedlots located in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas. Livers were audited at eighteen different beef abattoirs. Observational categories included sex (heifer, steer), cattle type (Holstein, beef-type), and pen count. Pen counts were grouped (< 40, 41–80, 81–160, 161–320, and >320) to quantify the association of pen size on liver abscess outcomes. Data were analyzed as a series of binomial proportions using generalized linear mixed models with fixed effects of observational categories (cattle type, feedyard location, pen size and sex). Cattle fed in Oklahoma or Texas exhibited greater (P < 0.01) frequency of liver flukes (3.2% vs 0.5%) than cattle fed in Colorado or Nebraska. Cattle fed in Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Arizona, and Oklahoma exhibited fewer (P < 0.01) total abscesses (23.5%, 26.0%, 23.6%, 19.3%, 16.9%, and 18.1%) than cattle fed in Idaho, Minnesota, and Texas (36.4%, 36.4%, and 33.2%). Beef-type cattle were observed to exhibit fewer (P < 0.01) total abscesses (22.0% vs 41.1%) and fewer (P < 0.01) severe abscesses (10.2% vs 26.4%) than Holstein cattle. Likewise, native heifers exhibited fewer (P < 0.01) total abscesses (20.6% vs 23.3%) and fewer (P < 0.01) severe abscesses (9.3% vs 11.1%) than native steers. Abscess prevalence differed as a function of pen size. Both total abscess and severe abscess rates decreased (P < 0.01) as animal count within a pen increased (32.66%, 27.47%, 27.86%, 23.17%, and 20.33%; 17.20%, 14.48%, 14.80%, 11.45%, and 9.14%). These results suggest liver abscess prevalence and severity is affected by a wide range of factors.

Characterization of bacterial DNA identified in abscessed and non-abscessed bovine hepatic tissue at the time of harvest

Bacteriological characterization of bovine liver abscesses has been accomplished by cultural methods but DNA methods are still needed, as many bacteria are not conducive to laboratory culture. In addition to this gap in research, there have been no studies which identify the bacterial presence within healthy, non-abscessed liver tissue. The objective of this study was to compare the bacteriome of both abscessed and non-abscessed bovine livers in an observational case-control study design. Fifty-six livers, obtained from Holstein steers, were scored according to a modified Elanco liver abscess score description where A- was partitioned into active abscesses or scarred where only scars were present. Parenchyma tissue was collected from non-abscessed livers (n=22), and scarred livers (n=7), and purulent material was collected from abscessed livers (n=24), and DNA was extracted for 16s rRNA gene sequence-based bacterial analysis. Across liver samples, 21 total phyla were identified with a mean of 14. Predominant phyla, accounting for > 98% of reads, were Fusobacteria (51.7%), Bacteroidetes (26.9%), Proteobacteria (8.03%), Firmicutes (5.39%), Cyanobacteria (3.85 %) and Actinobacteria (2.21%). Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes were greater in non-abscessed and scarred livers, whereas Fusobacteria and Bacteroidetes prevailed in abscessed livers. Non-abscessed livers shared 3,059 operational taxonomic units (OTU) with abscessed livers (total OTU of all livers= 4,167), but non-abscessed livers had greater richness and evenness whereas abscessed livers had greater dominance (P ≤ 0.0014). Liver score affected the relative abundance of OTU (R = 0.463; P = 0.001) but abscessed livers shared ≥ 40% similarity and were not different from each other (P ≥ 0.370). Of the predominant OTU (top 10 as a % of reads), three OTU (Fusobacteria necrophorum, Bacteroides spp., and Trueperella pyogenes) were shared across both abscessed and non-abscessed livers. Fusobacterium necrophorum was the dominant OTU regardless of liver score, and the single most abundant OTU, even among non-abscessed livers. We describe bacterial DNA detected in non-abscessed bovine liver tissue for the first time, which indicates possible presence of viable bacteria with pathogenic potential in apparently healthy liver tissue.

Scientific Accuracy Matters

The Solubility of Halothane in Blood and Tissue Homogenates. By Larson CP, Eger EI, Severinghaus JW. Anesthesiology 1962; 23:349–55. Measured samples of human and bovine blood, human hemoglobin, and tissue homogenates from human fat and both human and bovine liver, kidney, muscle, whole brain, and separated gray and white cortex were added to stoppered 2,000-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. To each flask, 0.1 ml of liquid halothane was added under negative pressure using a calibrated micropipette. After the flask was agitated for 2 to 4 h to achieve equilibrium between the gas and blood or tissue contents, a calibrated infrared halothane analyzer was used to measure the concentration of halothane vapor. Calculated partition coefficients ranged from 0.7 for water to 2.3 for blood and from 3.5 for human or bovine kidney to 6 for human whole brain or liver and 8 for human muscle. Human peritoneal fat had a value of 138. The human blood–gas partition coefficient of 2.3 as determined by this equilibration method was well below the previously published value of 3.6.