scholarly journals How Do Art Skills Influence Visual Search? – Eye Movements Analyzed With Hidden Markov Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles Tallon ◽  
Mark W. Greenlee ◽  
Ernst Wagner ◽  
Katrin Rakoczy ◽  
Ulrich Frick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Hidden Markov ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Membership Probability

The results of two experiments are analyzed to find out how artistic expertise influences visual search. Experiment I comprised survey data of 1,065 students on self-reported visual memory skills and their ability to find three targets in four images of artwork. Experiment II comprised eye movement data of 50 Visual Literacy (VL) experts and non-experts whose eye movements during visual search were analyzed for nine images of artwork as an external validation of the assessment tasks performed in Sample I. No time constraint was set for completion of the visual search task. A latent profile analysis revealed four typical solution patterns for the students in Sample I, including a mainstream group, a group that completes easy images fast and difficult images slowly, a fast and erroneous group, and a slow working student group, depending on task completion time and on the probability of finding all three targets. Eidetic memory, performance in art education and visual imagination as self-reported visual skills have significant impact on latent class membership probability. We present a hidden Markov model (HMM) approach to uncover underlying regions of attraction that result from visual search eye-movement behavior in Experiment II. VL experts and non-experts did not significantly differ in task time and number of targets found but they did differ in their visual search process: compared to non-experts, experts showed greater precision in fixating specific prime and target regions, assessed through hidden state fixation overlap. Exploratory analysis of HMMs revealed differences between experts and non-experts in image locations of attraction (HMM states). Experts seem to focus their attention on smaller image parts whereas non-experts used wider parts of the image during their search. Differences between experts and non-experts depend on the relative saliency of targets embedded in images. HMMs can determine the effect of expertise on exploratory eye movements executed during visual search tasks. Further research on HMMs and art expertise is required to confirm exploratory results.

scholarly journals WALD-EM: Wald Accumulation for Locations and Durations of Eye Movements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Šimon Kucharský ◽  
Daan Roelof van Renswoude ◽  
Maartje Eusebia Josefa Raijmakers ◽  
Ingmar Visser
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Fixation Locations ◽  
Basic Characteristics

Describing, analyzing and explaining patterns in eye movement behavior is crucial for understanding visual perception. Further, eye movements are increasingly used in informing cognitive process models. In this article, we start by reviewing basic characteristics and desiderata for models of eye movements. Specifically, we argue that there is a need for models combining spatial and temporal aspects of eye-tracking data (i.e., fixation durations and fixation locations), that formal models derived from concrete theoretical assumptions are needed to inform our empirical research, and custom statistical models are useful for detecting specific empirical phenomena that are to be explained by said theory. In this article, we develop a conceptual model of eye movements, or specifically, fixation durations and fixation locations, and from it derive a formal statistical model --- meeting our goal of crafting a model useful in both the theoretical and empirical research cycle. We demonstrate the use of the model on an example of infant natural scene viewing, to show that the model is able to explain different features of the eye movement data, and to showcase how to identify that the model needs to be adapted if it does not agree with the data. We conclude with discussion of potential future avenues for formal eye movement models.

scholarly journals Conscious and unconscious memory differentially impact attention: Eye movements, visual search, and recognition processes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Ramey ◽  
Andrew P. Yonelinas ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Conscious Recollection ◽  
Memory Awareness ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Subjective Reports ◽  
Unconscious Memory

A hotly debated question is whether memory influences attention through conscious or unconscious processes. To address this controversy, we measured eye movements while participants searched repeated real-world scenes for embedded targets, and we assessed memory for each scene using confidence-based methods to isolate different states of subjective memory awareness. We found that memory-informed eye movements during visual search were predicted both by conscious recollection, which led to a highly precise first eye movement toward the remembered location, and by unconscious memory, which increased search efficiency by gradually directing the eyes toward the target throughout the search trial. In contrast, these eye movement measures were not influenced by familiarity-based memory (i.e., changes in subjective reports of memory strength). The results indicate that conscious recollection and unconscious memory can each play distinct and complementary roles in guiding attention to facilitate efficient extraction of visual information.

scholarly journals Avoiding potential pitfalls in visual search and eye-movement experiments: A tutorial review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayward J. Godwin ◽  
Michael C. Hout ◽  
Katrín J. Alexdóttir ◽  
Stephen C. Walenchok ◽  
Anthony S. Barnhart
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Popular Approach ◽  
Research Cycle ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

AbstractExamining eye-movement behavior during visual search is an increasingly popular approach for gaining insights into the moment-to-moment processing that takes place when we look for targets in our environment. In this tutorial review, we describe a set of pitfalls and considerations that are important for researchers – both experienced and new to the field – when engaging in eye-movement and visual search experiments. We walk the reader through the research cycle of a visual search and eye-movement experiment, from choosing the right predictions, through to data collection, reporting of methodology, analytic approaches, the different dependent variables to analyze, and drawing conclusions from patterns of results. Overall, our hope is that this review can serve as a guide, a talking point, a reflection on the practices and potential problems with the current literature on this topic, and ultimately a first step towards standardizing research practices in the field.

scholarly journals Eye Movement Dynamics of Good and Poor Readers: Then and Now

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester A. Lefton ◽  
Richard J. Nagle ◽  
Gwendolyn Johnson ◽  
Dennis F. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Poor Readers ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
One Year ◽  
Good And Poor Readers

While reading text, the eye movements of good and poor reading fifth graders, third graders and adults were assessed. Subjects were tested in two sessions one year apart. Dependent variables included the duration and frequency of forward going fixations and regressions; an analysis of individual differences was also made. Results showed that poor reading fifth graders have relatively unsystematic eye movement behavior with many more fixations of longer duration than other fifth graders and adults. The eye movements of poor readers are quantitatively and qualitatively different than those of normal readers.

A Study of Multi-target Visual Search by Eye Movement Behavior

2015 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Zhongqi Liu ◽  
Zhaofang Xu ◽  
Qianxiang Zhou ◽  
Fang Xie ◽  
Shihua Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior

Role of the Oculomotor Vermis in Generating Pursuit and Saccades: Effects of Microstimulation

1998 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 2046-2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Krauzlis ◽  
F. A. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Transition Point ◽  
Contralateral Side ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Ipsilateral Side ◽  
Oculomotor Vermis ◽  
Eye Velocity

Krauzlis, R. J. and F. A. Miles. Role of the oculomotor vermis in generating pursuit and saccades: effects of microstimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 2046–2062, 1998. We studied the eye movements evoked by applying small amounts of current (2–50 μA) within the oculomotor vermis of two monkeys. We first compared the eye movements evoked by microstimulation applied either during maintained pursuit or during fixation. Smooth, pursuitlike changes in eye velocity caused by the microstimulation were directed toward the ipsilateral side and occurred at short latencies (10–20 ms). The amplitudes of these pursuitlike changes were larger during visually guided pursuit toward the contralateral side than during either fixation or visually guided pursuit toward the ipsilateral side. At these same sites, microstimulation also often produced abrupt, saccadelike changes in eye velocity. In contrast to the smooth changes in eye velocity, these saccadelike effects were more prevalent during fixation and during pursuit toward the ipsilateral side. The amplitude and type of evoked eye movements could also be manipulated at single sites by changing the frequency of microstimulation. Increasing the frequency of microstimulation produced increases in the amplitude of pursuitlike changes, but only up to a certain point. Beyond this point, the value of which depended on the site and whether the monkey was fixating or pursuing, further increases in stimulation frequency produced saccadelike changes of increasing amplitude. To quantify these effects, we introduced a novel method for classifying eye movements as pursuitlike or saccadelike. The results of this analysis showed that the eye movements evoked by microstimulation exhibit a distinct transition point between pursuit and saccadelike effects and that the amplitude of eye movement that corresponds to this transition point depends on the eye movement behavior of the monkey. These results are consistent with accumulating evidence that the oculomotor vermis and its associated deep cerebellar nucleus, the caudal fastigial, are involved in the control of both pursuit and saccadic eye movements. We suggest that the oculomotor vermis might accomplish this role by altering the amplitude of a motor error signal that is common to both saccades and pursuit.

Lateral Eye Movement Behavior in Children

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1023-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecil R. Reynolds ◽  
Alan S. Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Lateral Eye

The lateral eye movement phenomenon, studied frequently in adults, was investigated for 52 children aged 2–8 to 9–11, using both spatial and verbal-analytic questions. The phenomenon was observed in 50 of the 52 children and appeared well established by age 3 1/2; about half of the children were classifiable as either right movers or left movers. Some interesting developmental findings were noted, including a few important discrepancies with the results of adult studies. In addition, type of question had no effect on the direction of a child's eye movements. The implications of these findings were discussed.

scholarly journals THE IMPROVEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING ORGANIZATION OF THE X-RAY SCREENING SYSTEMS OPERATORS BY USING THE EYE MOVEMENTS REGISTRATION SYSTEM AND METHODS OF CLUSTER AND DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-36
Author(s):  
A. K. Volkov ◽  
V. V. Ionov
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Visual Fatigue ◽  
Registration System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tracking Technology ◽  
Screening Systems

The X-ray screening systems operators’ professional training is based on the CBT (computer-based training) principle, which has algorithms of adaptive training. These algorithms in existing computer simulators include feedback mechanisms on the basis of trainability exponents – such as the frequency of detecting dangerous objects, the frequency of false alarms and detection time. Further enhancement of the operators’ simulator training effectiveness is associated with the integration of psychophysiological mechanisms providing monitoring of their functional state. Based on the analysis of the particularities of x-ray screening systems operators’ professional training associated with the formation of competences in dangerous objects visual search, the most perspective method is the Eye tracking technology. Domestic and foreign studies of the eye movements characteristics while solving professional tasks in training process are actively developed in various areas. There are no studies of visual search peculiarities in domestic practice in contrast to exterior studies. This research is aimed at considering the usage of Eye tracking technology in the training of x-ray screening systems operators. As the result of the experimental research with the use of mobile eye-tracker Sensomotoric Instruments Eye Tracking Glasses 2.0 the statistical data of eye movement parameters of two groups of subjects with different levels of training have been received. The application of cluster and discriminant analyses methods allowed to identify General classes of these parameters, as well as to obtain the discriminants functions for each group under examination. The theoretical significance of the peculiarities of the operators’ eye movement studies is to identify the patterns of prohibited items visual search. The practical importance of implementation of Eye tracking technology and statistical analysis methods is to increase the reliability of assessment the level of formed competence of x-ray screening systems’ operators in visual search, as well as to develop the potential system of operators’ state monitoring and assessing their visual fatigue.

Eye Movement Behavior and Individual Differences in Word Identification During Reading

2017 ◽  
pp. 66-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R. Folk ◽  
Michael A. Eskenazi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Developing Readers ◽  
Different Populations

This chapter provides an overview of how the observation of eye movement behavior can be used to study how words are identified during reading in different populations. The chapter begins with a discussion of different eye movement behaviors, the perceptual span, and parafoveal processing. After providing the reader with a basic understanding of terms and methodology, the authors discuss how eye movements in reading change across the lifespan, individual differences in eye movement behavior in lower-skill and higher-skill adult readers, and eye movement patterns in special populations. This discussion highlights what is known about changes in eye movement behaviors from developing readers to older adult readers. It also includes a discussion of the role of eye movements in dyslexia and eye movement behavior in readers who are deaf.

scholarly journals Human Frontal Eye Fields and Visual Search

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 3340-3343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil G. Muggleton ◽  
Chi-Hung Juan ◽  
Alan Cowey ◽  
Vincent Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Frontal Eye Fields ◽  
Feature Search ◽  
Search Tasks

Recent physiological recording studies in monkeys have suggested that the frontal eye fields (FEFs) are involved in visual scene analysis even when eye movement commands are not required. We examined this proposed function of the human frontal eye fields during performance of visual search tasks in which difficulty was matched and eye movements were neither necessary nor required. Magnetic stimulation over FEF modulated performance on a conjunction search task and a simple feature search task in which the target was unpredictable from trial to trial, primarily by increasing false alarm responses. Simple feature search with a predictable target was not affected. The results establish that human FEFs are critical to visual selection, regardless of the need to generate a saccade command.

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