scholarly journals Manipulations of List Type in the DRM Paradigm: A Review of How Structural and Conceptual Similarity Affect False Memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Coane ◽  
Dawn M. McBride ◽  
Mark J. Huff ◽  
Kai Chang ◽  
Elizabeth M. Marsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Critical Item ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
List Type ◽  
Conceptual Similarity ◽  
Associative Networks ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
List Learning ◽  
Semantic Properties

The use of list-learning paradigms to explore false memory has revealed several critical findings about the contributions of similarity and relatedness in memory phenomena more broadly. Characterizing the nature of “similarity and relatedness” can inform researchers about factors contributing to memory distortions and about the underlying associative and semantic networks that support veridical memory. Similarity can be defined in terms of semantic properties (e.g., shared conceptual and taxonomic features), lexical/associative properties (e.g., shared connections in associative networks), or structural properties (e.g., shared orthographic or phonological features). By manipulating the type of list and its relationship to a non-studied critical item, we review the effects of these types of similarity on veridical and false memory. All forms of similarity reviewed here result in reliable error rates and the effects on veridical memory are variable. The results across a variety of paradigms and tests provide partial support for a number of theoretical explanations of false memory phenomena, but none of the theories readily account for all results.

Short-term false memories vary as a function of list type

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (12) ◽  
pp. 2726-2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M McBride ◽  
Jennifer H Coane ◽  
Shuofeng Xu ◽  
Yi Feng ◽  
Zhichun Yu
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
List Type ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Type Experiment ◽  
Trace Theory ◽  
Fuzzy Trace Theory

False memories have primarily been investigated at long-term delays in the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) procedure, but a few studies have reported meaning-based false memories at delays as short as 1–4 s. The current study further investigated the processes that contribute to short-term false memories with semantic and phonological lists (Experiment 1) and hybrid lists containing items of each type (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, more false memories were found for phonological than for semantic lists. In Experiment 2, an asymmetrical hyper-additive effect was found such that including one or two phonological associates in pure semantic lists yielded a robust increase in false alarms, whereas including semantic associates in pure phonological lists did not affect false alarms. These results are more consistent with the activation–monitoring account of false memory creation than with fuzzy trace theory that has not typically been referenced when describing phonological false memories.

scholarly journals Sign language agreement: A constraint-based perspective

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Holler ◽  
Markus Steinbach
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Direct Manipulation ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Agreement Morphology ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
German Sign Language ◽  
Semantic Properties

The paper addresses verbal agreement in German sign language from a constraint-based perspective. Based on Meir's Agreement Morphology Principles it presents an HPSG analysis of plain, regular and backwards agreement verbs that models the interaction between phonological (manual) features and syntactico-semantic relationships within a verbal sign by well-defined lexical restrictions. We argue that a sign-based declarative analysis can provide an elegant approach to agreement in sign language since it allows to exploit cross-modular constraints within grammar, and hence permits a direct manipulation of all relevant phonological features of a verb depending on its syntactic and semantic properties.

scholarly journals P19 Direct observational study of infusion errors associated with smart-pump technology in paediatric intensive care

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. e15.2-e16
Author(s):  
Moninne Howlett ◽  
Erika Brereton ◽  
Cormac Breatnach ◽  
Brian Cleary
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Intensive Care Units ◽  
The United States ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Paediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Electronic Prescribing ◽  
List Type ◽  
Paediatric Hospital ◽  
Smart Pumps ◽  
Smart Pump

AimsProcesses for delivery of high-risk infusions in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) are complex. Standard concentration infusions (SCIs), smart-pumps and electronic prescribing are recommended medication error reduction strategies.1 2 Implementation rates are low in Irish and UK hospitals.2 3 Since 2012, the PICU of an Irish tertiary paediatric hospital has been using a smart-pump SCI library, interfaced with electronic infusion orders (Philips ICCA®). The incidence of infusion errors is unknown. This study aims to determine the frequency, severity and distribution of smart-pump infusion errors and to identify contributory factors to the occurrence of infusion errors.MethodsProgrammed infusions are directly observed at the bedside. Parameters are compared against medication orders and auto-populated infusion data. Identified deviations are categorised as either medication errors or discrepancies. Five opportunities for error (OEs) were identified: programming, administration, documentation, assignment, data transfer. Error rates (%) are calculated as: infusions with errors; and errors per OE. Pre-defined definitions, multi-disciplinary consensus and grading processes are employed.ResultsA total of 1023 infusions for 175 patients were directly observed on 27 days between February and September 2017. 74% of patients were under 1 year, 32% under 1 month. The drug-library accommodated 96.5% of all infusions. Compliance with the drug-library was 98.9%. 55 infusions had ≥ 1 error (5.4%); a further 67 (6.3%) had ≥ 1 discrepancy. From a total of 4997 OEs, 72 errors (1.4%) and 107 discrepancies (2.1%) were observed. Documentation errors were most common; programming errors were rare (0.32% OE). Errors are minor, with just one requiring minimal intervention to prevent harm.ConclusionThis study has highlighted the benefits of smart-pumps and auto-populated infusion data in the PICU setting. Identified error rates are low compared to similar studies.4 The findings will contribute to the limited existing knowledge base on impact of these interventions on paediatric infusion administration errors.ReferencesInstitute for Safe Medication Practices, ISMP. 2018–2019 Targeted medication safety best practices for hospitals2018 [Available from: http://www.ismp.org/tools/bestpractices/TMSBP-for-Hospitalsv2.pdf [Accessed: June 2019]Oskarsdottir T, Harris D, Sutherland A, et al. A national scoping survey of standard infusions in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units in the United Kingdom. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018;70:1324–1331.Howlett M, Curtin M, Doherty D, Gleeson P, Sheerin M, Breatnach C. Paediatric standardised concentration infusions – A national solution. Arch Dis Child. 2016;101:e2.Blandford A, Dykes PC, Franklin BD, et al. Intravenous Infusion Administration: A comparative study of practices and errors between the United States and England and their Implications for patient safety. Drug Saf. 2019;42:1157–1165

scholarly journals Construct Validity and Generalizability of Simulation-Based Objective Structured Clinical Examination Scenarios

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avner Sidi ◽  
Nikolaus Gravenstein ◽  
Samsun Lampotang
Keyword(s):  
Operating Room ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Critical Item ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Objective Structured Clinical Examination ◽  
Pass Rate ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
General Evaluation ◽  
Simulation Based

Abstract Background It is not known if construct-related validity (progression of scores with different levels of training) and generalizability of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) scenarios previously used with non-US graduating anesthesiology residents translate to a US training program. Objective We assessed for progression of scores with training for a validated high-stakes simulation-based anesthesiology examination. Methods Fifty US anesthesiology residents in postgraduate years (PGYs) 2 to 4 were evaluated in operating room, trauma, and resuscitation scenarios developed for and used in a high-stakes Israeli Anesthesiology Board examination, requiring a score of 70% on the checklist for passing (including all critical items). Results The OSCE error rate was lower for PGY-4 than PGY-2 residents in each field, and for most scenarios within each field. The critical item error rate was significantly lower for PGY-4 than PGY-3 residents in operating room scenarios, and for PGY-4 than PGY-2 residents in resuscitation scenarios. The final pass rate was significantly higher for PGY-3 and PGY-4 than PGY-2 residents in operating room scenarios, and also was significantly higher for PGY-4 than PGY-2 residents overall. PGY-4 residents had a better error rate, total scenarios score, general evaluation score, critical items error rate, and final pass rate than PGY-2 residents. Conclusions The comparable error rates, performance grades, and pass rates for US PGY-4 and non-US (Israeli) graduating (PGY-4 equivalent) residents, and the progression of scores among US residents with training level, demonstrate the construct-related validity and generalizability of these high-stakes OSCE scenarios.

scholarly journals Integrating over uncertainty in spatial scale of response within multispecies occupancy models yields more accurate assessments of community composition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Owen Frishkoff ◽  
D. Luke Mahler ◽  
Marie-Josée Fortin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Type I ◽  
List Type ◽  
Occupancy Models ◽  
Species Detection ◽  
Scale Of Response

AbstractSpecies abundance and community composition are affected not only by the local environment, but also by broader landscape and regional context. Yet determining the spatial scale at which landscapes affect species remains a persistent challenge that hinders ecologists’ abilities to understand how environmental gradients influence species presence and shape entire communities, especially in the face of data deficient species and imperfect species detection.Here we present a Bayesian framework that allows uncertainty surrounding the ‘true’ spatial scale of species’ responses (i.e., changes in presence/absence) to be integrated directly into a community hierarchical model.This scale selecting multi-species occupancy model (ssMSOM) estimates the scale of response, and shows high accuracy and correct type I error rates across a broad range of simulation conditions. In contrast, ensembles of single species GLMs frequently fail to detect the correct spatial scale of response, and are often falsely confident in favoring the incorrect spatial scale, especially as species’ detection probabilities deviate from perfect.Integrating spatial scale selection directly into hierarchical community models provides a means of formally testing hypotheses regarding spatial scales of response, and more accurately determining the environmental drivers that shape communities.

scholarly journals False memory for perceptually similar but conceptually distinct line drawings

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Stahl ◽  
Frederik Aust
Keyword(s):  
False Memory ◽  
Memory Effects ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Response Format ◽  
Pictorial Material ◽  
Conceptual Similarity ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Distinct Line ◽  
Rule Out

Whereas most false memory effects for pictorial material are thought to be based on semantic or conceptual similarity, some findings, based on novel visual material, have been attributed solely to perceptual similarity. However, alternative accounts of these perceptual effects in terms of associative and/or conceptual processes have been proposed. We report four experiments that address these points of criticism, using pairs of perceptually similar but conceptually distinct line drawings of objects (e.g., banana -- crescent). Similar lures were judged old more often than unrelated items, and confidence for false alarms was greater for similar lures than for unrelated items. This perceptual false memory effect was not modulated by rotation of stimuli between study and test, was unaffected by retention interval (0 vs. 20 min), and was obtained regardless of response format (old/new and old/similar/new). These findings rule out the criticism of previous perceptual false memory effects and more conclusively demonstrate false memory on the basis of perceptual similarity.

scholarly journals “Did I Say Cherry ?” Error Patterns on a Blocked Cyclic Naming Task for Bilingual Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1148-1164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie McMillen ◽  
Zenzi M. Griffin ◽  
Elizabeth D. Peña ◽  
Lisa M. Bedore ◽  
Gary M. Oppenheim
Keyword(s):  
Language Disorder ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
Error Type ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Language Exposure

Purpose Using a blocked cyclic picture-naming task, we compared accuracy and error patterns across languages for Spanish–English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD). Method Pictured stimuli were manipulated for semantic similarity across two (Same and Mixed) category contexts. Children's productions were scored off-line for accuracy, error frequency, and error type. Results Typically developing children were more accurate and produced fewer errors than their peers with DLD; however, this was moderated by task language and semantic context. Children were generally more accurate when naming pictures in English compared to Spanish and in the Mixed-category context compared to the Same-category context. Analyses of error types further showed that children with less English language exposure specifically produced more nonresponses in English than in Spanish. Children with DLD produced more of each error type than their typically developing peers, particularly in Spanish. Conclusions Regardless of language ability, bilingual children demonstrated greater difficulty with lexical retrieval for pictured items in the semantically related context than in the unrelated context. However, bilingual children with DLD produced more errors of all types than is typical for children developing more than one language. Their greater error rates are not secondary to limited second language exposure but instead reflect deficits inherent to the nature of language impairment. Results from this study are discussed using a framework of semantic constraint, where we propose that because bilingual children with DLD have impoverished semantic networks, and this knowledge insufficiently constrains activation for lexical selection, thereby increasing error production.

scholarly journals Noun class system of Kusaal

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-139
Author(s):  
Hasiyatu Abubakari
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Phonological Features ◽  
Noun Classes ◽  
Nominal Classification

It is common knowledge that noun classes in Mabia (Gur) languages are primarily characterized by stems and affixes. Common to all studies on nominal classification in Kusaal is the observation that nouns that exhibit common morphological properties also share identical semantic features. Though this is true to some extent, the generalization breeds a lot of leakages because classifications based on semantic field alone is unable to explain the inclusion of nouns that share identical morphological and phonological features but different semantic features. Thus, this problem questions the assumption that noun classification in Kusaal is dependent on common semantic properties or coherence shared by all nouns in a group. The semantic classification of nouns, in this study, is composed based on the assumption that speakers of Kusaal put together nouns that are connected by identical semantic features and others that are linked by pragmatic associations into networks that define concepts and aspects of their survival as human beings. It is further observed that nouns within such groups also go through identical phonological rules or constraints. Nouns in this paper are classified based on their morphological features which are closely knit to their semantic networks as well as phonological constraints. The framework of Lexical-Phonology is employed in analyzing the morphophonological components of the nominal classification system of the language

Word-List-Learning Performance in Younger and Older Adults: Intra-Individual Performance Variability and False Memory

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly J. Murphy ◽  
Robert West ◽  
Maria L. Armilio ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
Donald T. Stuss
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
False Memory ◽  
Word List ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Performance Variability ◽  
List Learning

scholarly journals P033 Improving paediatric practice through multidisciplinary safety huddles

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. e2.38-e2
Author(s):  
Ka Yu Yung ◽  
Ruchi Sinha ◽  
Susan Giles
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
List Type ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Learned Safety

BackgroundMedication is the most prevalent therapeutic intervention in patient management.1 Medication errors are incidents that have occurred in the medication cycle of prescribing, dispensing, administering, monitoring, or providing medicines advice, regardless of whether they caused harm.1 In a hospital setting, medication error rates are similar amongst adults and children but there is three times the potential to cause harm in the latter. Due to the complexities that are associated with prescribing for children and the potential for the lack of necessary metabolic reserves to buffer any consequences,2 ensuring high quality prescribing in paediatrics is paramount and this requires multidisciplinary team (MDT) collaboration. Pharmacy contributions: The introduction of weekly Safety Huddles was started on the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) in March 2017 – led by the PICU consultant, paediatric risk nurse and pharmacist. Safety Huddles are short MDT briefings, involving the ward-based medical, nursing & pharmacy teams, providing a platform for all staff to understand things that are happening within the ward and anticipate further risks to improve patient safety and care. The aim is to create an open environment where staff regularly communicate and feel safe to raise concerns about patient safety. The Safety Huddle comprises of three main aspects: pharmacy updates as ‘top tips’; Datix incident reports and issues/concerns of the week. Pharmacy interventions are collected on a daily basis and fed back to the individual prescriber immediately where possible as the exchange of information must be rapid to optimise engagement. These then form the weekly ‘top tips’ which are shared with the whole MDT, along with Datix reports and any particular concerns where learning and action points are developed and agreed through contribution by all.OutcomeThe concept of Safety Huddles has been adapted and fully established throughout all paediatric and neonatal specialities at the Trust. There has been an increase in the number of incidents reported since the implementation of the Safety Huddles. Error themes and their impact are looked at so the team learn from improvement and harm occurrence or near misses. The measurement of interventions provides a weekly update to the individual team to see if these are being carried out effectively and to improve where necessary. It allows identification of triggers and incorporates problem solving through the involvement of all members of the team, improving staff, patient and family experience and communication in addition to reducing harm, allowing Trust values to be met. Lessons learned: Safety Huddles are held in the spirit of learning and improvement. It allows integration with the wider team, empowering the team to work unanimously towards the ultimate goal of delivering the best patient care.ReferencesDepartment of Health and Social Care. The Report of the Short Life Working Group on reducing medication- related harm. February 2018.Department of Health. Medicines Standard: National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services. October 2004. Department of Health. Building a Safer NHS or Patients: Improving Medication Safety. January 2004.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document