scholarly journals Homicide, Inequality, and Climate: Untangling the Relationships

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Kuznar ◽  
Jeffrey Day
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Homicide Rates ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Causal Connections ◽  
Risk Sensitive ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Estimation Of Risk

Researchers debate the causal connections between homicide, inequality, and temperature. This study examines these relationships globally based on country-level data. A new measure of inequality is introduced that provides a more granular measure of inequality patterns than commonly used metrics. The approach allows estimation of risk sensitive decision-making that helps to explain how class impacts violence under different climate conditions. The results indicate that homicide rates are higher when poorer segments of populations are disproportionately influenced by temperature, middle class segments are influenced by inequality, and the wealthy are influenced by middle and impoverished class dynamics.

An Analysis of Segment Disclosures under SFAS No. 131 and SFAS No. 14

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don Herrmann ◽  
Wayne B. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Segment Reporting ◽  
Internal Organization ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Reporting Requirements ◽  
Geographic Segment Disclosures ◽  
Segment Disclosures ◽  
Number Of Firms ◽  
Segment Information

The purpose of this paper is to compare the segment reporting disclosures under SFAS No. 131 with those reported the previous year under SFAS No. 14. Under SFAS No. 131, firms are required to report segments consistent with the way in which management organizes the business internally. In addition, the accounting items disclosed for each segment are defined consistent with internal segment information used to assess segment performance. For many companies, this represents a significant change from the approach used to report segments under SFAS No. 14. Under SFAS No. 14, firms were required to disclose segment information by both line-of-business and geographic area with no specific link to the internal organization of the company or the measurements that were used for internal decision making. As a result, many complained that the resulting disclosures were highly aggregated and of limited use for decision-making purposes. We find that the change in segment reporting requirements under SFAS No. 131 has made a relatively significant impact on the disclosure of segment information. Over two-thirds of the sample firms have redefined their primary operating segments upon adopting SFAS No. 131. There has also been an increase in the number of firms providing segment disclosures and companies are disclosing more items for each operating segment. For enterprise-wide disclosures, the proportion of country-level geographic segment disclosures has increased, while the proportion of broader geographic area segment disclosures has decreased. However, the number of firms reporting earnings by geographic area has declined greatly as this item is no longer required to be disclosed for firms reporting on a basis other than geographic area.

Financial Access of Latin America and Caribbean Firms: What Are the Roles of Institutional, Financial, and Economic Development?

2021 ◽  
pp. 097265272110153
Author(s):  
Lan Khanh Chu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Latin America And Caribbean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moderating Role

This article examines the impact of institutional, financial, and economic development on firms’ access to finance in Latin America and Caribbean region. Based on firm- and country-level data from the World Bank databases, we employ an ordered logit model to understand the direct and moderating role of institutional, financial, and economic development in determining firms’ financial obstacles. The results show that older, larger, facing less competition and regulation burden, foreign owned, and affiliated firms report lower obstacles to finance. Second, better macro-fundamentals help to lessen the level of obstacles substantially. Third, the role of institutions in promoting firms’ inclusive finance is quite different to the role of financial development and economic growth. JEL classification: E02; G10; O16; P48

scholarly journals Information Technology and Productivity: Evidence from Country-Level Data

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Dewan ◽  
Kenneth L. Kraemer
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

Sex-Role Specialization in a Transforming Market: Empirical Evidence from Vietnamese Middle-Class Households

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfriede Penz ◽  
Erich Kirchler
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Role Changes ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Middle Class Families ◽  
Role Specialization

Vietnam is undergoing a rapid transformation to a more prosperous society. This article analyzes household decision making in a transforming economy that has undergone modification of the traditional view of the family, from being an autonomous unit to an object of state policy. This is relevant because policy interventions shape household consumption through gender equality programs and thus have an impact on sex-role specialization. The aim of this study is to advance understanding of Vietnamese household consumption decisions and spouses’ current influence patterns by investigating sex-role specialization in Vietnamese middle-class families’ decision making. Overall, no significant sex-role changes were observed. It seems that traditional Vietnamese sex-role specialization does not (yet) differ among age groups. Instead, traditional sex-role segmentation remains predominant across all investigated age groups. While economic and consumption habits change rapidly, middle-class families appear to preserve their traditional influence patterns in purchase decisions.

Appendix: Country-Level Data

2010 ◽  
pp. 209-240
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

scholarly journals The closer to the Europe Union headquarters, the higher risk of COVID-19? Cautions regarding ecological studies of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Li ◽  
Xinyang Hua
Keyword(s):  
European Country ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Ecological Fallacy ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Public ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

AbstractSeveral ecological studies of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have reported correlations between group-level aggregated exposures and COVID-19 outcomes. While some studies might be helpful in generating new hypotheses related to COVID-19, results of such type of studies should be interpreted with cautions. To illustrate how ecological studies and results could be biased, we conducted an ecological study of COVID-19 outcomes and the distance to Brussels using European country-level data. We found that, the distance was negatively correlated with COVID-19 outcomes; every 100 km away from Brussels was associated with approximately 6% to 17% reductions (all P<0.01) in COVID-19 cases and deaths in Europe. Without cautions, such results could be interpreted as the closer to the Europe Union headquarters, the higher risk of COVID-19 in Europe. However, these results are more likely to reflect the differences in the timing of and the responding to the outbreak, etc. between European countries, rather than the ‘effect’ of the distance to Brussels itself. Associations observed at the group level have limitations to reflect individual-level associations – the so-called ecological fallacy. Given the public concern over COVID-19, ecological studies should be conducted and interpreted with great cautions, in case the results would be mistakenly understood.

scholarly journals Competing for Capitals: The Great Fragmentation of the firm and varieties of FDI attraction profiles in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjan Reurink ◽  
Javier Garcia-Bernardo
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Holding Companies ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Shared Service ◽  
Investment Capital ◽  
Fdi Attraction

Economic globalization has pressured countries to compete with one another for firms’ investment capital. Analyses of such competition draw heavily on foreign direct investment (FDI) statistics. In and of themselves, however, FDI statistics are merely a quantification of the value of firms’ investment projects and tell us little about the heterogeneity of these projects and the distinct patterns of competitive dynamics between countries they generate. Here, we create a more sophisticated understanding of international competition for FDI by pointing out its variegated nature. To do so, we trace the “great fragmentation of the firm” to distinguish between five categories of FDI: manufacturing affiliates, shared service centers, R&amp;D facilities, intermediate holding companies, and top holding companies. Using a novel combination of firm-level and country-level data, we identify for each of these different categories which European Union member states are most successful in attracting it, what macro-institutional and tax arrangements are present in them, and what benefits they receive from it in terms of tax revenues and employment creation. In this way, we are able to identify five distinct “FDI attraction profiles” and show that competition increasingly appears to take place amongst subsets of countries that compete for similar categories of FDI.

Aggregate Efficiency Dynamics in Lithuanian Dairy Farms

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-264
Author(s):  
Tomas Balezentis ◽  
Giannis Karagiannis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Efficiency Change ◽  
Empirical Application ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Covariance Term ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Decision Making Units

In this paper, we attempt to identify the major groups of decision making units (dairy farms) contributing to the aggregate efficiency change. We also suggest identifying influential peers in order to gain more insights into possible development strategies within a sector. The empirical application focuses on specialist dairy farms in Lithuania. The farm-level data cover the period 2004-2016. The results indicate the presence of structural changes and resulting shifts in the aggregate efficiency. Based on the results of decomposition of the covariance term and identification of the influential peers, two models can be followed by Lithuanian dairy farms, namely “pure” family farms with lower operational scale and large farms involving hired labour.

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