scholarly journals OCD Influences Evidence Accumulation During Decision Making in Males but Not Females During Perceptual and Value-Driven Choice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Ashton Megli ◽  
Christopher Pittenger ◽  
Helen Pushkarskaya
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Diffusion Modeling ◽  
Drift Diffusion ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Healthy Males

Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often have difficulty making decisions. Valuation and value-based judgements are particularly difficult. The mechanisms underlying these impairments are still poorly understood. Previous work has suggested that individuals with OCD require more information prior to making a choice during perceptual discrimination tasks. Little previous work has examined value-guided choice in OCD. Here we examined perceptual and value-based decision making in adults with OCD, using a novel task in which the two types of decision are tested in parallel using the same individually calibrated sets of visual stimuli (Perceptual and Value-based decision-making task, PVDM). Twenty-seven unmedicated participants with OCD (16 female) and thirty-one healthy controls (15 female) were tested. Data were analyzed using hierarchical drift-diffusion modeling (HDDM). Decision formation was altered in OCD, but differentially between genders: males with OCD, but not females, accumulated more information (i.e., were more cautious) and were less effective in evidence accumulation than age- and IQ-matched healthy males. Furthermore, males with OCD, but not females, were less likely than controls to adjust the process of evidence accumulation across decision contexts. These unexpectedly gender-dimorphic effects suggest that more attention should be paid to gender differences in studies of OCD, and of pathophysiology more broadly.

scholarly journals The effect of task difficulty on decision-making

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 204380871878742
Author(s):  
Estrella Serrano-Guerrero ◽  
Juan Francisco Rodríguez-Testal ◽  
Agustín Martín-Rodríguez ◽  
Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Affective Psychosis ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Beads Task ◽  
And Task

The aim was to determine whether there are differences between groups in jumping to conclusions and the number of beads required to make a decision based on task difficulty. An assessment was made of 19 patients with non-affective psychosis, 19 with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and 19 healthy controls. The Beads Task scale was used in its two versions. Patients with non-affective psychosis jumped to conclusions. There was significant interaction between group and task difficulty. Increased difficulty of the task did not affect the number of beads patients with non-affective psychosis or OCD needed to make their decision. However, healthy controls needed to see more beads before they could make a decision in the hard test than in the easy one. Patients with non-affective psychosis jump to conclusions, but neither this group nor the OCD patients benefit from the changes in task difficulty when making their decisions.

scholarly journals Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Decision Making under Ambiguity: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Veronica Nisticò ◽  
Andrea De Angelis ◽  
Roberto Erro ◽  
Benedetta Demartini ◽  
Lucia Ricciardi
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Manifestation ◽  
Iowa Gambling Task ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

In the last decade, decision-making has been proposed to have a central role in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) aetiology, since patients show pathological doubt and an apparent inability to make decisions. Here, we aimed to comprehensively review decision making under ambiguity, as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), in OCD, using a meta-analytic approach. According to PRISMA Guidelines, we selected 26 studies for a systematic review and, amongst them, 16 studies were included in a meta-analysis, comprising a total of 846 OCD patients and 763 healthy controls (HC). Our results show that OCD patients perform significantly lower than HC at the IGT, pointing towards the direction of a decision making impairment. In particular, this deficit seems to emerge mainly in the last three blocks of the IGT. IGT scores in OCD patients under the age of 18 were still significantly lower than in HC. Finally, no difference emerged between medicated and unmedicated patients, since they both scored significantly lower at the IGT compared to HC. In conclusion, our results are in line with the hypothesis according to which decision making impairment might represent a potential endophenotype lying between the clinical manifestation of OCD and its neurobiological aetiology.

scholarly journals Examining components of decision making in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Elizabeth Marcie Lane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Strategic Learning ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Perceived Difficulty

The purpose of this study was to examine decision making in individuals with OCD as compared to healthy controls. To the author's knowledge, this was the first study to evaluate decision making in OCD using multiple neuropsychological measures to assess proposed components of the construct, including ambiguity, impulsivity, risk perception, and organizational strategies. It was also believed to be the first study to compare subjective and objective decision making in OCD. Subjective decision making showed poor convergent validity with the three objective measures, as only self-reported indecision was significantly different between groups. Performance on a memory task, as a proxy for organizational strategies, indicated differences between groups on strategic learning and the effect of interference. Although the presence of decision making deficits remains inconclusive, this study provided support for the conclusion that individuals with OCD have perceived difficulty with decision making, but not necessarily objective deficits. Treatment implications are discussed.

scholarly journals P300 and delay-discounting in obsessive–compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Flasbeck ◽  
Björn Enzi ◽  
Christina Andreou ◽  
Georg Juckel ◽  
Paraskevi Mavrogiorgou
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Delay Discounting ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
P300 Latency ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Source Density

AbstractPrevious research showed that dysfunctions of fronto-striatal neural networks are implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). Accordingly, patients with OCD showed altered performances during decision-making tasks. As P300, evoked by oddball paradigms, is suggested to be related to attentional and cognitive processes and generated in the medial temporal lobe and orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, it is of special interest in OCD research. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate P300 in OCD and its associations with brain activity during decision-making: P300, evoked by an auditory oddball paradigm, was analysed in 19 OCD patients and 19 healthy controls regarding peak latency, amplitude and source density power in parietal cortex areas by sLORETA. Afterwards, using a fMRI paradigm, Blood–oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging was conducted during a delay-discounting paradigm. We hypothesised differences between groups regarding P300 characteristics and associations with frontal activity during delay-discounting. The P300 did not differ between groups, however, the P300 latency over the P4 electrode correlated negatively with the NEO-FFI score openness to experience in patients with OCD. In healthy controls, P300 source density power correlated with activity in frontal regions when processing rewards, a finding which was absent in OCD patients. To conclude, associations of P300 with frontal brain activation during delay-discounting were found, suggesting a contribution of attentional or context updating processes. Since this association was absent in patients with OCD, the findings could be interpreted as being indeed related to dysfunctions of fronto-striatal neural networks in patients with OCD.

scholarly journals Reassurance-seeking behaviour, intolerance of uncertainty, and neurocognitive functioning in obsessive-compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Orr
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Intolerance Of Uncertainty ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Reassurance Seeking ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychological condition involving excessive reassurance-seeking (ERS), or repeated questioning of others about something perceived as threatening; low cognitive confidence; and intolerance of uncertainty (IU; Cougle et al., 2012; Nedeljkovic et al., 2009; Parrish, 2009). Relationships between these symptoms and several domains of cognitive functioning were examined in the present study. Thirty-five OCD patients and 34 healthy controls completed a battery of psychological questionnaires and neurocognitive measures. Results indicated that OCD patients reported greater levels of ERS than healthy controls in three different situations. Furthermore, significant relationships were identified between: (1) decision-related ERS and decision-making impairment, (2) cognitive confidence and decision-related ERS, and (3) a particular form of IU, inhibitory IU, and decision-making impairment. These findings are important, as these psychological symptoms are associated with negative outcomes. The relationships identified provide an important foundation for future research and the development of targeted interventions for these symptoms.

Impulsivity and decision-making in obsessive-compulsive disorder after effective deep brain stimulation or treatment as usual

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Grassi ◽  
Martijn Figee ◽  
Pieter Ooms ◽  
Lorenzo Righi ◽  
Takashi Nakamae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Reflection Impulsivity ◽  
Deep Brain

ObjectiveImpulsivity and impaired decision-making have been proposed as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) endophenotypes, running in OCD and their healthy relatives independently of symptom severity and medication status. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) targeting the ventral limb of the internal capsule (vALIC) and the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) is an effective treatment strategy for treatment-refractory OCD. The effectiveness of vALIC-DBS for OCD has been linked to its effects on a frontostriatal network that is also implicated in reward, impulse control, and decision-making. While vALIC-DBS has been shown to restore reward dysfunction in OCD patients, little is known about the effects of vALIC-DBS on impulsivity and decision-making. The aim of the study was to compare cognitive impulsivity and decision-making between OCD patients undergoing effective vALIC-DBS or treatment as usual (TAU), and healthy controls.MethodsWe used decision-making performances under ambiguity on the Iowa Gambling Task and reflection impulsivity on the Beads Task to compare 20 OCD patients effectively treated with vALIC-DBS, 40 matched OCD patients undergoing effective TAU (medication and/or cognitive behavioural therapy), and 40 healthy subjects. Effective treatment was defined as at least 35% improvement of OCD symptoms.ResultsOCD patients, irrespective of treatment modality (DBS or TAU), showed increased reflection impulsivity and impaired decision-making compared to healthy controls. No differences were observed between OCD patients treated with DBS or TAU.ConclusionOCD patients effectively treated with vALIC-DBS or TAU display increased reflection impulsivity and impaired decision-making independent of the type of treatment.

Meta-analysis of neurocognitive deficits in unaffected relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comparison with healthy controls and patients with OCD

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 1257-1266
Author(s):  
Emre Bora
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Neurocognitive Deficits ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

AbstractBackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with cognitive deficits, particularly with executive functions. These findings support fronto-striatal dysfunction in OCD. However, it is not certain whether these findings are trait features of OCD. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated cognitive functions in unaffected relatives of OCD (OCDrel) but the findings of these studies are contradictory.MethodsA systematic review in Pubmed and Scopus databases was performed until 18 March 2019, to locate the studies comparing cognitive functions of OCDrel with healthy controls and OCD patients (OCDpt). A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsCurrent meta-analysis included 16 studies including 527 OCDrel, 445 OCDpt and 639 healthy controls. Healthy controls overperformed OCDpt in all cognitive domains (d = 0.36–0.86). OCDrel underperformed healthy controls in inhibition (d = 0.58, CI = 0.29–0.86), planning (d = 0.45, CI = 0.28–0.63), decision-making (d = 0.58, CI = 0.19–0.98). OCDrel also had small-sized deficits in set-shifting (d = 0.37, CI = 0.04–0.69) and visual memory (d = 0.28, CI = 0.08–0.49). OCDpt underperformed OCDrel in visual memory (d = 0.45, CI = 0.22–0.67) and set-shifting (d = 0.23, CI = 0.04–0.42).ConclusionsCurrent findings suggest that abnormalities in inhibition, planning/problem solving and reward-based decision-making are shared features of OCDrel and OCDpt and might be trait markers related to vulnerability for developing OCD. Visual memory and set-shifting deficits might potentially be biomarkers of incipient illness or subthreshold OCD presentation among OCDrel. Further exploration of cognitive heterogeneity in OCDrel and investigating the effects of the subtypes of OCD in probands on cognitive impairment in OCDrel are needed.

scholarly journals Examining components of decision making in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Elizabeth Marcie Lane
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Strategic Learning ◽  
Organizational Strategies ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Perceived Difficulty

The purpose of this study was to examine decision making in individuals with OCD as compared to healthy controls. To the author's knowledge, this was the first study to evaluate decision making in OCD using multiple neuropsychological measures to assess proposed components of the construct, including ambiguity, impulsivity, risk perception, and organizational strategies. It was also believed to be the first study to compare subjective and objective decision making in OCD. Subjective decision making showed poor convergent validity with the three objective measures, as only self-reported indecision was significantly different between groups. Performance on a memory task, as a proxy for organizational strategies, indicated differences between groups on strategic learning and the effect of interference. Although the presence of decision making deficits remains inconclusive, this study provided support for the conclusion that individuals with OCD have perceived difficulty with decision making, but not necessarily objective deficits. Treatment implications are discussed.

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