scholarly journals Validating South Sudan as a Center of Origin for Coffea arabica: Implications for Conservation and Coffee Crop Improvement

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarada Krishnan ◽  
Solene Pruvot-Woehl ◽  
Aaron P. Davis ◽  
Tim Schilling ◽  
Justin Moat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
South Sudan ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cultivated Populations

Cultivated Arabica coffee outside Ethiopia is plagued by low genetic diversity, compromising disease resistance, climate resiliency and sensory potential. Access to the wider genetic diversity of this species may circumvent some of these problems. In addition to Ethiopia, South Sudan has been postulated as a center of origin for Arabica coffee, but this has never been genetically confirmed. We used simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers to assess the genetic diversity of wild and cultivated populations of Arabica coffee from the Boma Plateau in South Sudan, against farmed accessions (of wild origin) from Ethiopia, Yemen, and global cultivars. Our results not only validate Boma Plateau as part of the natural distribution and as a center of origin for Arabica coffee but also indicate that wild populations in South Sudan are genetically distinct from Ethiopian Arabica. This newly identified genetic diversity within Arabica could have the potential for crop improvement through selection and use in breeding programs. Observations and analyses show that the extent and health of the wild population of Arabica in South Sudan have declined. Urgent action should be taken to conserve (in situ and ex situ) the unique, remaining genetic diversity of wild Arabica populations in South Sudan.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Arabica Coffee (Coffea arabicaL.) in Nicaragua as Estimated by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulatu Geleta ◽  
Isabel Herrera ◽  
Arnulfo Monzón ◽  
Tomas Bryngelsson
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Simple Sequence Repeat ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Sequence Repeat ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Simple Sequence

Coffea arabicaL. (arabica coffee), the only tetraploid species in the genusCoffea, represents the majority of the world’s coffee production and has a significant contribution to Nicaragua’s economy. The present paper was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of arabica coffee in Nicaragua for its conservation and breeding values. Twenty-six populations that represent eight varieties in Nicaragua were investigated using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 24 alleles were obtained from the 12 loci investigated across 260 individual plants. The total Nei’s gene diversity (HT) and the within-population gene diversity (HS) were 0.35 and 0.29, respectively, which is comparable with that previously reported from other countries and regions. Among the varieties, the highest diversity was recorded in the variety Catimor. Analysis of variance (AMOVA) revealed that about 87% of the total genetic variation was found within populations and the remaining 13% differentiate the populations (FST=0.13;P<0.001). The variation among the varieties was also significant. The genetic variation in Nicaraguan coffee is significant enough to be used in the breeding programs, and most of this variation can be conserved throughex situconservation of a low number of populations from each variety.

Marked differences in genetic diversity and differentiation between the centre and edge of the geographical range of Megaleranthis saniculifolia (Ranunculaceae), a Korean endemic species

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 582
Author(s):  
Ji Hee Jeong ◽  
Zin-Suh Kim
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Peripheral Region ◽  
Issr Markers ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Allele Frequency Distribution ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Megaleranthis Saniculifolia ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation ◽  
Substantial Degree

The amount and distribution of genetic diversity within and between Megaleranthis saniculifolia Ohwi populations were compared between the central and peripheral regions of the species distribution. Allozyme and ISSR markers were used for genetic analysis of six populations from the central region (DY) and five populations from the peripheral region (MJ). Genetic diversity was substantially higher in the DY region than in the MJ region. Relatively uniform homozygote excess at many loci in most populations indicated that M. saniculifolia was influenced by a substantial degree of inbreeding in both regions. The degree of differentiation between populations was remarkably higher in the MJ region than in the DY region. Cluster analysis showed a trend towards separation between regions, although populations in the MJ region exhibited a slightly different trend according to the markers. We conclude that genetic drift has been affecting the populations in the MJ region for a long time, on the basis of their low genetic diversity, high differentiation, U-shaped allele-frequency distribution, and fixation of alleles towards opposing frequencies (1 or 0) among populations. In contrast, the DY region maintained relatively stable populations, although evidence of a recent bottleneck was found in one population. Along with some practical measures for genetic conservation, we present an optimal sample size for ex situ conservation to secure as many common alleles as possible.

scholarly journals AUTOCHTHONOUS BREEDS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND CONSERVATION MEASURES

AGROFOR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran MALETIC
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Animal Genetic Resources ◽  
Diversity Preservation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
International Conventions

Recently, highly productive breeds of various species of domestic animals have been used in livestock production, which has resulted in the destruction of indigenous breeds of domestic animals around the world, even in our area. This is the first reason why indigenous races and strains have been endangered. Another reason is that domestic, indigenous breeds were crossed with specialized breeds, which were imported, and in that way their genetic diversity was negatively affected. Resistance is lost, adaptation to the conditions in which they were created, the ability to survive in nature. Indigenous breeds of different species of domestic animals, which are recognized in the Republic of Srpska (BiH) are gatačko cattle and buša (cattle), Vlašić pramenka, Podveleška pramenka, Kupres pramenka (sheep), domestic Balkan horned goat (goats), Bosnian mountain horse (horses), mangulica (pigs) and pogrmuša hen or živičarka hen (poultry). By acceding to international conventions, BiH /Republic of Srpska has committed itself to establishing a system of measures that will enable the conservation of biological diversity and the protection of indigenous and endangered breeds of domestic animals. The choice of a strategy for the conservation of diversity, the establishment of an adequate conservation scheme, and the implementation of a conservation strategy are some of the key elements of any process for the conservation of genetic diversity. Preservation of autochthonous and protected breeds of domestic animals is possible through preservation in the original environment (in situ) and preservation outside the original environment (ex situ). There is a possibility of combining these models of conservation of animal genetic resources.

Spatial analyses of occurrence data of crop wild relatives (CWR) taxa as tools for selection of sites for conservation of priority CWR in Zambia

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dickson Ng'uni ◽  
Graybill Munkombwe ◽  
Godfrey Mwila ◽  
Hannes Gaisberger ◽  
Joana Magos Brehm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Spatial Analyses ◽  
Threat Status ◽  
Occurrence Data

AbstractCrop wild relatives (CWR) are valuable gene pools for crop improvement and offer unique potential and opportunity for enhancing food security and adaptation to climate change. However, current actions towards conservation of plant genetic resources in Zambia do not adequately cover CWR occurring in the country. The article describes the process leading to the development of a national strategic action plan (NSAP) for the conservation and sustainable use of priority CWR in Zambia. Based on 59 prioritized crops, a partial checklist of 459 CWR taxa was generated from the national flora checklist of 6305 taxa. The generated CWR taxa were prioritized based on the socio-economic value of the related crop, their utilization potential in crop improvement, relative distribution and threat status to produce 30 prioritized CWR taxa. Occurrence data were compiled for all CWR inventory taxa and used in spatial analyses to establish species distribution, species richness, gaps in in situ conservation and genebank collections, and to identify priority sites for in situ conservation and ex situ collecting. Consistent with the national developmental agenda, along with the contribution of national stakeholders, spatial analyses of occurrence data of priority CWR taxa are valuable input for the development of the NSAP for the conservation and sustainable use of the priority CWR.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity assessment of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) accessions using single nucleotide polymorphism markers

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-420
Author(s):  
G. Afolayan ◽  
S. P. Deshpande ◽  
S. E. Aladele ◽  
A. O. Kolawole ◽  
I. Angarawai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Diversity Assessment ◽  
Crop Research ◽  
International Crop Research Institute ◽  
Private Alleles

AbstractSorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is an important resource to the national economy and it is essential to assess the genetic diversity in existing sorghum germplasm for better conservation, utilization and crop improvement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of genetic diversity within and among sorghum germplasms collected from diverse institutes in Nigeria and Mali using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic markers. Genetic diversity among the germplasm was low with an average polymorphism information content value of 0.24. Analysis of Molecular Variation revealed 6% variation among germplasm and 94% within germplasms. Dendrogram revealed three groups of clustering which indicate variations within the germplasms. Private alleles identified in the sorghum accessions from National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Ibadan, Nigeria and International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Kano, Nigeria shows their prospect for sorghum improvement and discovery of new agronomic traits. The presence of private alleles and genetic variation within the germplasms indicates that the accessions are valuable resources for future breeding programs.

scholarly journals Morphological diversity and identification key for landraces of the Amerindian yam in central Amazon

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Beyerlein ◽  
Henrique dos Santos Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Identification Key ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Morphological Descriptors ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Central Amazon ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Optimal Set

Abstract: The objective of this work was to select an optimal set of morphological descriptors, in order to characterize the phenotipical diversity of Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) landraces cultivated in the municipality of Caapiranga, in the central Amazon region of Brazil, and to develop a botanical identification key for them. A collection of 140 accessions and an experimental plot with a representative sample of 20 landraces were used to test 64 morphological descriptors for the aerial and subterranean plant parts. Forty-eight descriptors were selected, of which 13 were for tubers, 12 for stems, 14 for leaves, and 9 for inflorescences and seed. A cluster analysis based on the morphological data showed the formation of two landrace groups with greater similarity: white and purple pulp tubers. The results provide tools for in situ and ex situ conservation and for plant breeding programs, considering the importance of maintaining and recognizing the value of Ameridian yam as an important native genetic resource for food security in the region.

Estimation of Genetic Diversity Among Teressa Goat Population of A and N Islands by using Microsatellite Markers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Sunder ◽  
S. Jeyakumar ◽  
S. P. Yadav ◽  
A. K. De ◽  
A. Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Mode Shift ◽  
Information Index ◽  
Goat Population ◽  
Indigenous Goat ◽  
Nicobar Islands ◽  
Sparse Population

Background: Teressa goat is an indigenous goat breed of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These goats are mainly distributed in the Nicobar group of islands, however, sparse population is also available in the Andaman Islands. In order to understand the genetic diversity and variation among the population of Teressa goat, the studies on the molecular characterization was done by using microsatellite molecular markers. Methods: Randomly a total of 48 blood samples were collected different areas of the Nicobar Islands representing the breeding tract of the Teressa goat. Based on the guidelines of ISAG and FAO, a total of 15 recommended microsatellite markers were selected for the microsatellite analysis study. The data were analysed to study the diversity analysis at each locus by using GENETIX software package. Bottleneck hypothesis was also studied by using BOTTLENECK 1.2.01 and FIS, FIT and FIT values were calculated and heterozygosity deficiency at each locus using FSTAT software. Result: A total of 50 genotypes were observed across the 15 loci. The number of genotype varied between (MAF70; SRCRSP3) 1 and 6 (SRCRSP15). The effective number of alleles (Ne) varied from 2 to 6.98 in Teressa goat. Shannon’s Information Index (I) value was found to be high (1.1856±0.4369), it indicated that the level of diversity among the population of the Teressa goat is high. All the values of FIS obtained were negative which is suggestive of no inbreeding within the populations and the animals were outbred. The mode-shift test indicated the genetic bottleneck in Teressa and needs greater attention towards in situ/ex situ conservation. The present study provides the valuable information about the genetic makeup of the Teressa goat, however, detail study is required to carry out to study the important traits linked with production for further utilization of this breed.

Population genetics and conservation of the critically endangered Clematis acerifolia (Ranunculaceae)

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1248-1256 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. López-Pujol ◽  
F.-M. Zhang ◽  
S. Ge
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium ◽  
Term Storage

Allozyme electrophoresis was used to evaluate the levels of genetic diversity and population genetic structure of the critically endangered Clematis acerifolia Maximowicz (Ranunculaceae), a narrow endemic species in China. On the basis of variation at 19 putative loci in nine populations covering the entire distribution of this species, low values of genetic diversity were detected (P = 20.5%, A = 1.27, and He = 0.072). A significant deficiency of heterozygotes was found in all populations. Most loci showed deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, probably as a result of population genetic structuring. The high genetic divergence among populations (FST = 0.273) can be interpreted as an effect of the extinction of local populations and genetic drift within extant populations, and has probably been enhanced by habitat fragmentation in recent decades. Threats to this species are mainly anthropogenic (road works, construction of holiday resorts, and extraction activities), although stochastic risks cannot be ignored. Therefore, to preserve extant genetic variation of C. acerifolia, in situ strategies, such as the preservation of its habitat or at least the most diverse populations, and ex situ measures, such as the collection and long-term storage of seeds, should be adopted.

Strategies for conservation of germplasm in endemic redwoods in the face of climate change: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 411-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Coast Redwood ◽  
Giant Sequoia ◽  
The Face

This study reviews the various conservation strategies applied to the four redwood species, namely coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), Sierra redwood or giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and South American redwood or alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), which are endemic in the USA, China and South America, respectively. All four redwood genera belong to the family Cupressaceae; they are monospecific, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened in their native ranges due to human activity and a changing climate. Therefore, the management objective should be to conserve representative populations of the native species with as much genetic diversity as possible for their future survival. Those representative populations exhibiting relatively high levels of genetic diversity should be selected for germplasm preservation and monitored during the conservation phase by using molecular markers. In situ and ex situ strategies for the preservation of germplasm of the redwoods are discussed in this study. A holistic in situ gene conservation strategy calls for the regeneration of a large number of diverse redwood genotypes that exhibit adequate levels of neutral and adaptive genetic variability, by generative and vegetative methods for their preservation and maintenance in their endemic locations. At the same time, it would be desirable to conserve the redwoods in new ex situ reserves, away from their endemic locations with similar as well as different environmental conditions for testing their growth and survival capacities. In addition, other ex situ strategies involving biotechnological approaches for preservation of seeds, tissues, pollen and DNA in genebanks should also be fully exploited in the face of global climate change.

scholarly journals Designing conservation strategies to preserve the genetic diversity of Astragalus edulis Bunge, an endangered species from western Mediterranean region

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Peñas ◽  
Sara Barrios ◽  
Javier Bobo-Pinilla ◽  
Juan Lorite ◽  
M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Ecological Data

Astragalus edulis (Fabaceae) is an endangered annual species from western Mediterranean region that colonized SE Iberian Peninsula, NE and SW Morocco, and the easternmost Macaronesian islands (Lanzarote and Fuerteventura). Although in Spain some conservation measures have been adopted, it is still necessary to develop an appropriate management plan to preserve genetic diversity across the entire distribution area of the species. Our main objective was to use population genetics as well as ecological and phylogeographic data to select Relevant Genetic Units for Conservation (RGUCs) as the first step in designing conservation plans for A. edulis. We identified six RGUCs for in situ conservation, based on estimations of population genetic structure and probabilities of the loss of rare alleles. Additionally, further population parameters, i.e. occupation area, population size, vulnerability, legal status of the population areas, and the historical haplotype distribution, were considered in order to establish which populations deserve conservation priority. Three populations from the Iberian Peninsula, two from Morocco, and one from the Canary Islands represent the total genetic diversity of the species and the rarest allelic variation. Ex situ conservation is recommended to complement the preservation of A. edulis, given that effective in situ population protection is not feasible in all cases. The consideration of complementary phylogeographic and ecological data is useful for management efforts to preserve the evolutionary potential of the species.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document