scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Kinematic Motion of the Craniocervical Junction of Chihuahuas and Labrador Retrievers

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Schikowski ◽  
Nele Eley ◽  
Nicola Kelleners ◽  
Martin J. Schmidt ◽  
Martin S. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Acute Angle ◽  
Atlantoaxial Joint ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Cervical Motion ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

All vertebrate species have a distinct morphology and movement pattern, which reflect the adaption of the animal to its habitat. Yet, our knowledge of motion patterns of the craniocervical junction of dogs is very limited. The aim of this prospective study is to perform a detailed analysis and description of three-dimensional craniocervical motion during locomotion in clinically sound Chihuahuas and Labrador retrievers. This study presents the first in vivo recorded motions of the craniocervical junction of clinically sound Chihuahuas (n = 8) and clinically sound Labrador retrievers (n = 3) using biplanar fluoroscopy. Scientific rotoscoping was used to reconstruct three-dimensional kinematics during locomotion. The same basic motion patterns were found in Chihuahuas and Labrador retrievers during walking. Sagittal, lateral, and axial rotation could be observed in both the atlantoaxial and the atlantooccipital joints during head motion and locomotion. Lateral and axial rotation occurred as a coupled motion pattern. The amplitudes of axial and lateral rotation of the total upper cervical motion and the atlantoaxial joint were higher in Labrador retrievers than in Chihuahuas. The range of motion (ROM) maxima were 20°, 26°, and 24° in the sagittal, lateral, and axial planes, respectively, of the atlantoaxial joint. ROM maxima of 30°, 16°, and 18° in the sagittal, lateral, and axial planes, respectively, were found at the atlantooccipital joint. The average absolute sagittal rotation of the atlas was slightly higher in Chihuahuas (between 9.1 ± 6.8° and 18.7 ± 9.9°) as compared with that of Labrador retrievers (between 5.7 ± 4.6° and 14.5 ± 2.6°), which corresponds to the more acute angle of the atlas in Chihuahuas. Individual differences for example, varying in amplitude or time of occurrence are reported.

Three-Dimensional in Vivo Kinematics of the Shoulder during Humeral Elevation

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Koh ◽  
Mark D. Grabiner ◽  
John J. Brems
Keyword(s):  
Video Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Helical Axis ◽  
Euler Angles ◽  
In Vivo Kinematics ◽  
Shoulder Complex ◽  
Shoulder Motion ◽  
Shoulder Kinematics

Shoulder kinematics, including scapular rotation relative to the trunk and humeral rotation relative to the scapula, were examined during humeral elevation in three vertical planes via video analysis of intracortical pins. Helical axis parameters provided an easily interpretable description of shoulder motion not subject to the limitations associated with Cardan/Euler angles. Between 30 and 150° of elevation in each plane, the scapula rotated almost solely about an axis perpendicular to the scapula. Additional scapular rotation appeared to support the notion that the scapula moves “toward” the plane of elevation. Humeral rotation took place mainly in the plane of the scapula independent of the plane of elevation. Many parameters of shoulder complex kinematics were quite similar across all planes of elevation, suggesting a consistent movement pattern with subtle differences associated with the plane of elevation.

Three-Dimensional Virtual Model Used to Analyze a Normal and Prosthetic Human Joint

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 159-164
Author(s):  
Mihai Catalin Tenovici ◽  
Ilaria Lorena Petrovici ◽  
Razvan Cristian Vaduva ◽  
Danut Nicolae Tarnita ◽  
Dragoş Laurenţiu Popa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Tibial Component ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Survival Duration ◽  
Knee Prostheses ◽  
Prosthetic Alignment ◽  
Tibial Plate

Prosthetic alignment is one of the most important factors, both in terms of the correct functioning of neoarticulation and the survival duration of knee arthroplasty. Significant changes in the alignment of prosthetic components affect the distribution of stress in the knee joint. These changes may also affect the distribution of stresses on the contact surface, soft knee joints, and the subjacent bone remodeling under these forces. The malposition of the components and, in particular, the tibial component in the varus, which in practice is the most common situation alongside the malrotation of the femoral component, leads to the excessive intimal tension of the internal tibial plate by the summing of the additional stresses at this level with its physiological loading from during the unipodal support phase during the walk. Although valuable, all of these studies have no capacity to assess these changes in the kinetics of in vivo knee arthroplasty. Two methods are used for this: telemetry and mathematical models. Traditionally, telemetry has been used to determine the forces acting on the hip, and more recently, on the knee. It values ​​very precisely the value of the axial rotation forces as well as the moments of bending; however, this method is little used, because the necessary equipment is very expensive. Taking this into account, the most used method is the finite element method. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of malpositioning in the valgus and varus of the tibial component on tension developed in polyethylene as well as in the subjacent bone. Obviously, other situations have also been analyzed. In this direction a series of original numerical models of the anatomical elements (tibia, fibula, femur) of the knee were constructed to simulate the biomechanical phenomena occurring in the normal and prosthetic joint during physical activities, in order to evaluate the factors that influence the duration operation of total knee prostheses.

The atlantoaxial capsular ligaments and transverse ligament are the primary stabilizers of the atlantoaxial joint in the craniocervical junction: a finite element analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rinchen Phuntsok ◽  
Chase W. Provost ◽  
Andrew T. Dailey ◽  
Douglas L. Brockmeyer ◽  
Benjamin J. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Craniocervical Junction ◽  
Tectorial Membrane ◽  
Atlantoaxial Joint ◽  
Transverse Ligament ◽  
Lateral Bending ◽  
Ligamentous Injury ◽  
Capsular Ligament ◽  
Flexion Extension

OBJECTIVEPrior studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding the contribution of key ligamentous structures to atlantoaxial (AA) joint stability. Many of these studies employed cadaveric techniques that are hampered by the inherent difficulties of testing isolated-injury scenarios. Analysis with validated finite element (FE) models can overcome some of these limitations. In a previous study, the authors completed an FE analysis of 5 subject-specific craniocervical junction (CCJ) models to investigate the biomechanics of the occipitoatlantal joint and identify the ligamentous structures essential for its stability. Here, the authors use these same CCJ FE models to investigate the biomechanics of the AA joint and to identify the ligamentous structures essential for its stability.METHODSFive validated CCJ FE models were used to simulate isolated- and combined ligamentous–injury scenarios of the transverse ligament (TL), tectorial membrane (TM), alar ligament (AL), occipitoatlantal capsular ligament, and AA capsular ligament (AACL). All models were tested with rotational moments (flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending) and anterior translational loads (C2 constrained with anterior load applied to the occiput) to simulate physiological loading and to assess changes in the atlantodental interval (ADI), a key radiographic indicator of instability.RESULTSIsolated AACL injury significantly increased range of motion (ROM) under rotational moment at the AA joint for flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation, which increased by means of 28.0% ± 10.2%, 43.2% ± 15.4%, and 159.1% ± 35.1%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05 for all). TL removal simulated under translational loads resulted in a significant increase in displacement at the AA joint by 89.3% ± 36.6% (p < 0.001), increasing the ADI from 2.7 mm to 4.5 mm. An AACL injury combined with an injury to any other ligament resulted in significant increases in ROM at the AA joint, except when combined with injuries to both the TM and the ALs. Similarly, injury to the TL combined with injury to any other CCJ ligament resulted in a significant increase in displacement at the AA joint (significantly increasing ADI) under translational loads.CONCLUSIONSUsing FE modeling techniques, the authors showed a significant reliance of isolated- and combined ligamentous–injury scenarios on the AACLs and TL to restrain motion at the AA joint. Isolated injuries to other structures alone, including the AL and TM, did not result in significant increases in either AA joint ROM or anterior displacement.

scholarly journals Influence of malocclusion on the development of masticatory function and mandibular growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 749-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aya Nakamura ◽  
Jorge L. Zeredo ◽  
Dai Utsumi ◽  
Ayumi Fujishita ◽  
Yoshiyuki Koga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Pattern ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Mandibular Growth ◽  
Masticatory Function ◽  
Posterior Crossbite ◽  
Group 3

ABSTRACT Objective To verify the hypothesis that appropriate acquisition of masticatory function and normal growth of the mandible are modified by malocclusion. Materials and Methods Eighteen Jcl:ICR mice were divided into two groups. In one group we shifted the mandible laterally using an occlusal guidance appliance, creating a posterior crossbite at 5 weeks of age. The other group served as control. After 10 weeks, three-dimensional jaw movements and muscle activities were recorded simultaneously during mastication. Microcomputed tomography scans were obtained in vivo to evaluate morphometric changes in the mandible. Results (1) The jaw movement pattern in the sagittal plane showed significantly less anteroposterior excursion in the malocclusion group during the late-closing phase (power phase). (2) Electromyography showed significantly less masseter activity in the malocclusion group. (3) The condylar width and mandibular bone mineral density (BMD) were significantly reduced in the malocclusion mice compared to the normal mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that optimization of the chewing pattern and acquisition of appropriate masticatory function is impeded by malocclusion. Altered mechanical loading to the mandible may cause significant reduction of condylar width and mandibular BMD.

In vivo three-dimensional kinematics of the cervical spine during maximal axial rotation

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Salem ◽  
Cyrille Lenders ◽  
Jacques Mathieu ◽  
Nicole Hermanus ◽  
Paul Klein
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation

scholarly journals The Spinebot—A Robotic Device to Intraoperatively Quantify Spinal Stiffness

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Büchler ◽  
Jonas Räber ◽  
Benjamin Voumard ◽  
Steve Berger ◽  
Brett Bell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Torque Load ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Reference Measurements ◽  
Spine Function ◽  
And Function

Abstract Degenerative spine problems and spinal deformities have high socio-economic impacts. Current surgical treatment is based on bony fusion that can reduce mobility and function. Precise descriptions of the biomechanics of normal, deformed, and degenerated spinal segments under in vivo conditions are needed to develop new approaches that preserve spine function. This study developed a system that intraoperatively measures the three-dimensional segmental stiffness of patient's spine. SpineBot, a parallel kinematic robot, was developed to transmit loads to adjacent vertebrae. A force/torque load cell mounted on the SpineBot measured the moment applied to the spinal segment and calculated segmental stiffnesses. The accuracy of SpineBot was characterized ex vivo by comparing its stiffness measurement of five ovine specimens to measurements obtained with a reference spinal testing system. The SpineBot can apply torques up to 10 N·m along all anatomical axes with a total range of motion of about 11.5 deg ± 0.5 deg in lateral bending, 4.5 deg ± 0.3 deg in flexion/extension, and 2.6 deg ± 0.5 deg in axial rotation. SpineBot's measurements are noisier than the reference system, but the correlation between SpineBot and reference measurements was high (R2 &gt; 0.8). In conclusion, SpineBot's accuracy is comparable to that of current reference systems but can take intraoperative measurements. SpineBot can improve our understanding of spinal biomechanics in patients who have the pathology of interest, and take these measurements in the natural physiological environment, giving us information essential to developing new “nonfusion” products.

scholarly journals Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Pelvis and Caudal Lumbar Spine in German Shepherd Dogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina I. Schaub ◽  
Nicola Kelleners ◽  
Martin J. Schmidt ◽  
Nele Eley ◽  
Martin S. Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
German Shepherd ◽  
Lumbosacral Region ◽  
Intervertebral Motion ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Lateral Rotation ◽  
Main Component

Lumbosacral vertebral motion is thought to be a factor in the development of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in German shepherd dogs. So far, few studies exist describing natural canine lumbosacral movement in vivo. Therefore, this investigation aims to achieve a detailed in vivo analysis of bone movement of the lumbosacral region to gain a better understanding of the origin of degenerative lumbosacral stenosis using three-dimensional non-invasive in vivo analysis of canine pelvic and caudal lumbar motion (at L6 and L7). Biplanar cineradiography of the pelvis and caudal lumbar spine of four clinically sound German shepherd dogs at a walk and at a trot on a treadmill was recorded. Pelvic and intervertebral motion was virtually reconstructed and analyzed with scientific rotoscoping. The use of this technique made possible non-invasive measurement of physiological vertebral motion in dogs with high accuracy. Furthermore, the gait patterns of the dogs revealed a wide variation both between individual steps and between dogs. Pelvic motion showed a common basic pattern throughout the stride cycle. Motion at L6 and L7, except for sagittal rotation at a trot, was largely asynchronous with the stride cycle. Intervertebral motion in all dogs was small with approximately 2–3° rotation and translations of approximately 1–2 mm. The predominant motion of the pelvis was axial rotation at a walk, whereas lateral rotation was predominant at a trot. L7 showed a predominance of sagittal rotation (with up to 5.1° at a trot), whereas lateral rotation was the main component of the movement at L6 (about 2.3° in both gaits). During trotting, a coupling of various motions was detected: axial rotation of L7 and the pelvis was inverse and was coupled with craniocaudal translation of L7. In addition, a certain degree of compensation of abnormal pelvic movements during walking and trotting by the caudal lumbar spine was evident.

In Vivo Kinematics of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Knees During Stepping Using Density-Based Image-Matching Techniques

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Hamai ◽  
Ken Okazaki ◽  
Satoru Ikebe ◽  
Koji Murakami ◽  
Hidehiko Higaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Matching ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Knee Extension ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
In Vivo Kinematics ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Posterior Translation ◽  
Matching Techniques

The purpose of this study was to investigate in vivo kinematics in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) knees during stepping using image-matching techniques. Six healthy volunteers and 14 patients with a medial OA knee before undergoing total knee arthroplasty performed stepping under periodic anteroposterior radiograph images. We analyzed the three-dimensional kinematic parameters of knee joints using radiograph images and CT-derived digitally reconstructed radiographs. The average extension/flexion angle ranged 6°/53° and 16°/44° in healthy and OA knees, with significant difference in extension (P = .02). The average varus angle was –2° and 6° in healthy and OA knees, with a significant difference (P = .03). OA knees showed 1.7° of significantly larger varus thrust (P = .04) and 4.2 mm of significantly smaller posterior femoral rollback (P = .04) compared with healthy knees. Coronal limb alignment in OA knees significantly correlated with varus thrust (R2 = .36, P = .02) and medial shift of the femur (R2 = .34, P = .03). Both normal and OA knees showed no transverse plane instability, including anteroposterior, mediolateral directions, or axial rotation. In conclusion, OA knees demonstrated different kinematics during stepping from normal knees: less knee extension, larger varus thrust, less posterior translation, and larger medial shift.

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