Dental caries risk indicators by using International Caries Detection and Assessment System in Mosul City.

Abstract Background An association between childhood anthropometric measurements and dental caries is conflicting. The prevalence and severity of dental caries and its association with anthropometric and behavioural factors, were investigated among Finnish teenagers. Methods The study sample comprised 202 15–17-year-old participants in the Physical Activity and Nutrition in Children (PANIC) Study. Dental caries findings were recorded using International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) criteria, including activity estimation; numbers of decayed teeth (DT) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were recorded. Body weight, height and waist circumference were measured and respective body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Body fat percentage was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Health-related behaviours and consumption of food and drinks were assessed using questionnaires, and intake of nutrients using a 4-day food record. Results Mean DMFT for all the participants was 2.4 (SD = 2.9), DT 0.6 (SD = 1.3), and 36% had DMFT = 0. No difference between genders was observed. In bivariate analyses, use of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) three times or less per week and not having used snuff associated significantly, whereas higher carbohydrate intake (E%), toothbrushing less often than twice a day and higher caries experience at baseline almost significantly with DT > 0. In adjusted regression analyses, frequent use of SSB and higher carbohydrate intake increased the odds for DT > 0. Additionally, higher carbohydrate intake (E%) and infrequent tooth brushing significantly associated with a higher number of DT. Conclusion Caries prevalence is still low and similar in Finnish teenage girls and boys. Behavioural factors are, but anthropometric factors are not associated with dental caries.

Download Full-text

Body Mass Index and Association With Caries in School-Aged Children With Orofacial Cleft: A Case-Control Study

The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal ◽

10.1177/1055665619868862 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176

Author(s):

Anna Lena Sundell ◽

Anna-Karin Nilsson ◽

Agneta Marcusson ◽

Carl-Johan Törnhage

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cleft Lip ◽

Case Control ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Adopted Children ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Objective: Data on the association between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries in children with orofacial clefts are sparse. Therefore, studies on the impact of BMI on caries frequency in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) are of importance. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association between BMI and frequency of dental caries in children with and without CL/P. Height, weight, and BMI in children with CL/P were also compared to controls. Design: This study used a cross-sectional case-control design. Participants: One hundred and thirty-nine 5- and 10-year-old children with CL/P and 299 age-matched controls. Main Outcome Measures: Caries was recorded according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Height and weight were recorded, and BMI was calculated as weight/height2. Results: There was no correlation between BMI and caries frequency. Weight, height, and BMI were significantly lower in all children with CL/P compared to controls. After adjustment for international adoption, only BMI was significantly lower in CL/P children compared to controls. Non-adopted children with CL/P were significantly heavier and longer than adopted children with CL/P. Conclusions: Five- and 10-year-old children with corrected CL/P seemed to have a lower BMI than controls, but there was no association between BMI and caries frequency. Internationally adopted children with CL/P were lighter and shorter than non-adopted CL/P children and controls.

Download Full-text

Dental Caries Risk in the U.S. Air Force: 2009 to 2017

Military Medicine ◽

10.1093/milmed/usaa155 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 185 (11-12) ◽

pp. e2061-e2070

Author(s):

David K Schindler ◽

Gabriela V Lopez Mitnik ◽

Lee Ann Zarzabal ◽

Aida M Soliván-Ortiz ◽

Scott P Irwin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Air Force ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Outcome Variable ◽

Caries Risk ◽

Younger Age ◽

High Caries Risk ◽

Multivariable Analyses ◽

Military Rank

Abstract Introduction The Air Force uses dental caries risk assessments (CRA) to determine which active duty Air Force (ADAF) members are at high caries risk (HCR) and will benefit from additional preventive and restorative dental care. The purpose of this study is to describe the caries risk of ADAF from 2009 to 2017 and determine how demographic, military, and tobacco-use characteristics affect caries risk. Materials and Methods Data from ~300,000 ADAF annual dental examinations from 2009 to 2017 were used. The outcome variable investigated was dental caries risk (high, moderate, or low). Independent variables analyzed were: age, sex, race, education, marital status, military rank, service years, flying status, and tobacco use. Descriptive and multivariable analyses were performed to explore associations between potential risk indicators and caries risk outcomes. Results From 2009 to 2013, there was a steady decline in ADAF that were diagnosed as low caries risk (LCR), from 80.3% to 67.7%. Since 2013, the prevalence of ADAF that are LCR has remained unchanged at about two-thirds of the force. The proportion of the ADAF that are moderate caries risk (MCR) increased from 15.7% in 2009 to 25.3% in 2013 and remained unchanged affecting about a quarter of the force since then. The proportion that was diagnosed as HCR increased from 3.9% in 2009 to 7.1% in 2013 and declined slightly in 2017 (6.0%). After controlling for other covariates, younger age (<20 years old: odds ratio [OR], 4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.3–5.8), less time in service (≤4 years: OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.7–2.6), junior rank (E-1–E-4: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3–1.8), less education (high-school graduate: OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0–2.6), using tobacco (Smoker: OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.5–1.7), being a nonflyer (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.3), being male (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.1–1.2), or being black (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.2) were each associated with being HCR. Among the cohort of Airmen who were LCR at baseline, the majority (75.9%) remained at low risk, but for nearly a quarter (24.1%), their risk of caries increased over 9 years. Among those who were originally MCR in 2009, 61.5% improved to LCR, whereas 4.6% progressed to HCR; among those identified as high risk for caries in 2009, a substantial majority (89.1%) improved over 9 years, but 10.9% remained unchanged. Conclusions The prevalence of HCR and MCR service members increased from 2009 to 2013 but has remained consistent since 2013. Overall caries risk in the Air Force is lower compared to previously published findings from 2001 to 2004. This suggests that CRA and prevention programs have been effective at helping to reduce caries prevalence among Airmen. Smoking prevalence among ADAF has also declined substantially over the past 16 years which may contribute to overall caries risk reductions. Using a CRA approach may be an effective tool for helping to identify and develop strategies to manage dental caries risk in patients.

Download Full-text

Excessive Weight Gain and Dental Caries Experience among Children Affected by ADHD

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17165870 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (16) ◽

pp. 5870

Author(s):

Elzbieta Paszynska ◽

Monika Dmitrzak-Węglarz ◽

Aleksandra Perczak ◽

Maria Gawriolek ◽

Tomasz Hanć ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Adhd Group ◽

Sugar Consumption ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Physical Measurements ◽

Adhd Children

In recent years, attention has been paid to the co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obesity, but results in relation to dental caries outcomes differ. The study was conducted to determine obesity/overweight and dental caries in children suffering from ADHD and to draw comparisons with non-ADHD children. A total of 119 children under 11 years old (8.2 ± 1.2) were enrolled into a cross-sectional study: those with confirmed ADHD (n = 39), and healthy controls (n = 80). The behavioral evaluation included a parent interview directed at sweetened food/drink habits. The clinical evaluation included physical measurements (height, waist, hip circumference, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and dental examination (International Caries Detection and Assessment System—ICDAS). Results showed a higher prevalence of abnormal body weight, hip circumference, and BMI, and a higher frequency of caries (84.6%) in the ADHD group. Significant caries differences for primary (ICDAS 0, 1, 2, 5, 6 scores) and permanent teeth (ICDAS 1, 3 scores) were recorded. The questionnaire pinpointed interplays between sugar consumption and tooth decay, especially for primary dentition. It can be concluded that the consumption of sweetened foods/drinks among ADHD children may lead to an increased rate of overweight, but may also affect oral health. Limiting sugar consumption might be one of the important elements in prevention programmes against dental caries and overweight/obesity.

Download Full-text

Dental caries experience using the international caries detection and assessment system among adults, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh, India: An epidemiological survey

Journal of Indian Association of Public Health Dentistry ◽

10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_189_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 322

Author(s):

NSarah Sheela Emerald ◽

VChandrasekhar Reddy ◽

KM Sudhir ◽

RV. S Krishna Kumar

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Andhra Pradesh ◽

Epidemiological Survey ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Caries Experience

Download Full-text

Assess A Smartphone App (AICaries) that uses artificial intelligence to detect dental caries in children and provide interactive oral health education: Protocol for design and usability testing (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.32921 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jin Xiao ◽

Jiebo Luo ◽

Oriana Ly-Mapes ◽

Tong Tong Wu ◽

Timothy Dye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Early Detection ◽

Young Children ◽

Low Income ◽

Fine Tuning ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Smartphone App ◽

Caries Risk

BACKGROUND Early childhood caries (ECC) is the most common chronic childhood disease, with nearly 1.8 billion new cases per year globally. ECC afflicts approximately 55% of low-income and minority US preschool children, resulting in harmful short- and long-term effects on health and quality of life. Clinical evidence shows that caries is reversible if detected and addressed in its early stages. However, many low-income US children often have poor access to pediatric dental services. In this underserved group, dental caries is often diagnosed at a late stage when extensive restorative treatment is needed. With more than 85% of lower-income Americans owning a smartphone, mHealth tools, such as smartphone application, hold great promise to achieve patient-driven early detection and risk control of ECC. OBJECTIVE This study aims to employ a community-based participatory research strategy to refine and test the usability of an artificial intelligence (AI) -powered smartphone app, AICaries, to be used by children's parents/caregivers for dental caries detection in their children. METHODS Our previous work has led to the prototype of AICaries, which offers AI-powered caries detection using photos of children's teeth taken by the parents' smartphones, interactive caries risk assessment, and personalized education on reducing children's ECC risk. This AICaries study will utilize a 2-step qualitative study design to assess the feedback and usability of the app component, app flow and whether parents can take photo of children’s teeth on their own. Specifically, in Step 1, we will conduct individual usability tests among 10 pairs of end-users (parents with young children) to facilitate app module modification and fine-tuning using Think-aloud and Instant Data Analysis strategies. In Step 2, we will conduct unmoderated field testing for app feasibility and acceptability among 32 pairs of parents with their young children to assess the usability and acceptability of AICaries, including assessing the number/quality of teeth images taken by the parents for their children and parents’ satisfaction. RESULTS The study is funded by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, USA. This study received IRB approval and launched in August, 2021. Data collection and analysis are expected to conclude by March 2021 and June 2022, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Using AICaries, parents can use their regular smartphones to take photo of their children’s teeth and detect ECC aided by AICaries, so that they can actively seek treatment for their children at an early and reversible stage of ECC. Using AICaries, parents can also obtain essential knowledge on reducing their children's caries risk. Data from this study will support future clinical trial that evaluates the real-world impact of using this innovative smartphone app on early detection and prevention of ECC among low-income children.

Download Full-text

Factors Affecting the Detection and Treatment of Occlusal Caries Using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System

Operative Dentistry ◽

10.2341/10-346-l ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 597-607 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

AA Al-Khatrash ◽

YM Badran ◽

QD Alomari

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Occlusal Caries ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

The World ◽

Predominant Form ◽

Dental Schools

Clinical Relevance Occlusal caries is the predominant form of dental caries at the present time. This study documents the variability in detection and treatment of occlusal caries among dentists graduating from different dental schools around the world and practicing in Kuwait. Furthermore, it shows that dentists tend to overtreat occlusal caries.

Download Full-text

Effect of Primary Molar Caries on Caries Development in the Adjacent Permanent First Molars

Frontiers in Dentistry ◽

10.18502/fid.v18i24.6934 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Jafari ◽

Saideh Aslani ◽

Mahboobeh Zangooei ◽

Hossein Hessari ◽

Ahmad Reza Shamshiri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Caries Experience ◽

Primary Molars ◽

Primary Molar ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Second Molar ◽

Dental Instruments

Objectives: Dental caries is among the most common chronic diseases of the childhood. This study sought to assess the effect of caries experience in primary molars on caries development in the adjacent permanent first molars. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study evaluated 413 students aged 7 and 8 years. Clinical dental examination was performed by two independent examiners using disposable dental instruments and a head light. Dental caries was evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) for all four permanent first molars and the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index for the primary molars. Data were analyzed using the Pearson’s Chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: When primary first molars were sound, 22.9% of the permanent first molars of the same quadrant were sound. When primary second molars were sound, 25.7% of the adjacent permanent first molars were sound. A carious primary second molar had a stronger correlation with development of dentin caries in the adjacent permanent first molar than a carious primary first molar (P<0.001). Conclusion: The current results confirmed that carious primary molars can significantly affect caries development in the adjacent permanent first molars, and a carious primary second molar has a significantly greater effect than a carious primary first molar in this respect. Thus, special attention should be paid to oral hygiene and proper tooth brushing of primary molars, particularly second molars.

Download Full-text

The Role of Training for Dental Students in Scoring Caries

IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia ◽

10.31436/imjm.v15i1.1369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zurainie Abllah

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Dental Students ◽

Assessment System ◽

Caries Detection ◽

Permanent Teeth ◽

Kappa Statistics ◽

Baseline Training ◽

Teaching Learning ◽

Dental Mirror

Introduction: Training of dental students is an essential part of the teaching- learning activities in order to obtain reliable results in scoring of dental caries. The objectives of this study are to examine consistency in scoring of caries over a 3-month period following baseline training, calibration and retraining. Methods: Three examiners (dental students) received baseline training/calibration by a "gold standard" examiner (lecturer). This was followed by a re-calibration and retraining 3 months later. A set of 20 extracted teeth was used for the baseline training and for the re-calibration purposes. The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) was used to classify the visual caries lesion severity (0-6 scale) of surface of permanent teeth. The examination utilized a clinical light, dental mirror, dental probe and air syringe. Kappa (unweighted: Kappa) statistics were used to determine inter-examiner reliability at baseline and re-calibration. Results: For caries score criteria, the baseline calibration on 20 specimens indicated an inter-rater kappa ranging from 0.37-0.69. Re-calibration on the same 20 specimens 3 months later indicated an inter-rater kappa of 0.79-0.89. Activity kappa was in the poor to good range. All examiners improved with time. Conclusions: Training contributes to the consistency and reliability of dental caries scoring among dental students.

Download Full-text