scholarly journals Multimodal Analysis of Eye Movements and Fatigue in a Simulated Glass Cockpit Environment

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Salem Naeeri ◽  
Ziho Kang ◽  
Saptarshi Mandal ◽  
Kwangtaek Kim
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Warning System ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Psychomotor Vigilance Test ◽  
Number Of False Alarms ◽  
Viable Approach

Pilot fatigue is a critical reason for aviation accidents related to human errors. Human-related accidents might be reduced if the pilots’ eye movement measures can be leveraged to predict fatigue. Eye tracking can be a non-intrusive viable approach that does not require the pilots to pause their current task, and the device does not need to be in direct contact with the pilots. In this study, the positive or negative correlations among the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) measures (i.e., reaction times, number of false alarms, and number of lapses) and eye movement measures (i.e., pupil size, eye fixation number, eye fixation duration, visual entropy) were investigated. Then, fatigue predictive models were developed to predict fatigue using eye movement measures identified through forward and backward stepwise regressions. The proposed approach was implemented in a simulated short-haul multiphase flight mission involving novice and expert pilots. The results showed that the correlations among the measures were different based on expertise (i.e., novices vs. experts); thus, two predictive models were developed accordingly. In addition, the results from the regressions showed that either a single or a subset of the eye movement measures might be sufficient to predict fatigue. The results show the promise of using non-intrusive eye movements as an indicator for fatigue prediction and provides a foundation that can lead us closer to developing a near real-time warning system to prevent critical accidents.

scholarly journals Eye Movements Enhance Recollection of Re-Imagined Negative Words: A Link between EMDR and Sire?

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hans Phaf
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Memory Effect ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
Memory Enhancement ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Memory Experiment ◽  
Negative Material

Do eye movements primarily affect emotion, as in Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR), or memory retrieval, as in Saccade-Induced Retrieval Enhancement (SIRE)? Despite growing confidence in the effectiveness of the former, the latter memory effect is sometimes not replicated. I argue here that the memory enhancement due to eye movements can be obtained, when conditions are made more similar to EMDR: a) participants are explicitly instructed to retrieve and re-imagine the memories during the eye movements, and b) emotionally negative material is involved. An exploratory memory experiment is presented that compares horizontal eye-movement and eye-fixation conditions. Mixed lists of positive, neutral, and negative words were studied and explicitly recollected during the eye manipulation. Results showed evidence for enhanced recollection due to eye movements, with a large effect size specifically for negative words. The crosstalk between these different domains may not only be helpful for gaining a better understanding of SIRE but also for improving the effectiveness of EMDR.

The processing of blend words in naming and sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-857
Author(s):  
Rebecca L Johnson ◽  
Sarah Rose Slate ◽  
Allison R Teevan ◽  
Barbara J Juhasz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Research exploring the processing of morphologically complex words, such as compound words, has found that they are decomposed into their constituent parts during processing. Although much is known about the processing of compound words, very little is known about the processing of lexicalised blend words, which are created from parts of two words, often with phoneme overlap (e.g., brunch). In the current study, blends were matched with non-blend words on a variety of lexical characteristics, and blend processing was examined using two tasks: a naming task and an eye-tracking task that recorded eye movements during reading. Results showed that blend words were processed more slowly than non-blend control words in both tasks. Blend words led to longer reaction times in naming and longer processing times on several eye movement measures compared to non-blend words. This was especially true for blends that were long, rated low in word familiarity, but were easily recognisable as blends.

scholarly journals Maxwellian Eye Fixation during Natural Scene Perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Duchesne ◽  
Vincent Bouvier ◽  
Julien Guillemé ◽  
Olivier A. Coubard
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Random Motion ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Movement Amplitude ◽  
Natural Scene ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Free Viewing ◽  
Natural Scene Perception

When we explore a visual scene, our eyes make saccades to jump rapidly from one area to another and fixate regions of interest to extract useful information. While the role of fixation eye movements in vision has been widely studied, their random nature has been a hitherto neglected issue. Here we conducted two experiments to examine the Maxwellian nature of eye movements during fixation. In Experiment 1, eight participants were asked to perform free viewing of natural scenes displayed on a computer screen while their eye movements were recorded. For each participant, the probability density function (PDF) of eye movement amplitude during fixation obeyed the law established by Maxwell for describing molecule velocity in gas. Only the mean amplitude of eye movements varied with expertise, which was lower in experts than novice participants. In Experiment 2, two participants underwent fixed time, free viewing of natural scenes and of their scrambled version while their eye movements were recorded. Again, the PDF of eye movement amplitude during fixation obeyed Maxwell’s law for each participant and for each scene condition (normal or scrambled). The results suggest that eye fixation during natural scene perception describes a random motion regardless of top-down or of bottom-up processes.

Eye Movements While Driving Cars around Curves

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 683-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos S. Cohen ◽  
Herbert Studach
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

The eye fixations of 5 experienced and 4 inexperienced car drivers were analyzed while driving curves to the left and to the right. For experienced drivers in a curve to the left the mean duration of eye fixations was longer and the amplitude of the eye movements greater than in a curve to the right. No such difference was observed in inexperienced drivers who manifested neither uniformity within the same curves nor differentiation between the two types of curves. Mean duration of eye fixations of experienced subjects was shorter while driving in a curve to right, but their amplitude of eye movement was greater in a curve to left than those of inexperienced drivers. In Exp. 2, it was pointed out that there is already a change in the pattern of eye movements prior to entering a curve. Upon approaching the curve the mean duration of eye fixation decreased, and the fixations were mainly shifted toward the future driving path. Results are interpreted in terms of the adequacy of the eye fixations (supposedly influenced by prior long-term learning) for information at near distance for vehicle control and at longer distances for setting up proprioceptive forward programs for possible future sensomotoric activity.

Performance on Embedded Figures Tests

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Glicksohn ◽  
Zehavit Kinberg
Keyword(s):  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Field Independence ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Embedded Figures Test ◽  
Number Of False Alarms ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
The Individual

We examined individual performance on an embedded figures test, in two separate studies. Performance measures were both the number (m) of hits (H) and the number of false alarms (FA), and their respective reaction times (RT). Using these measures, we postulated four templates of performance, indicative of field dependence (mH = low, RTH = long, mFA = high), field independence (mH = high, RTH = short, mFA = low), impulsiveness (mH = low, RTH = short, mFA = high), and reflectiveness (mH = high, RTH = long, mFA = low). In the first study, individual profiles were correlated with these four templates, whose mean values were updated in a stepwise manner, under the constraint that the individual profile had to be substantially correlated with the emerging template (r > 0.9). This procedure resulted in the final placement of a total of 64 individuals (80%) into one of the four templates. In the second study, we could identify 87% of the participants in such a manner. These participants also provided us with performance data on the rod-and-frame test (RFT), and a line-bisection task (whose analysis here is innovative), as well as scores on the sensation-seeking scales. We emphasize the utility of adopting such a finely-tuned approach to the study of the disembedding aspect of the cognitive style, and to the profiling of individual differences in general.

scholarly journals Entering PIN codes by smooth pursuit eye movements

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dietlind Helene Cymek ◽  
Antje Christine Venjakob ◽  
Stefan Ruff ◽  
Otto Hans-Martin Lutz ◽  
Simon Hofmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Smooth Pursuit ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements ◽  
Number Of False Alarms ◽  
Gaze Interaction ◽  
Third Person

Despite its potential gaze interaction is still not a widely-used interaction concept. Major drawbacks as the calibration, strain of the eyes and the high number of false alarms are associated with gaze based interaction and limit its practicability for every-day human computer interaction. In this paper two experiments are described which use smooth pursuit eye movements on moving display buttons. The first experiment was conducted to extract an easy and fast interaction concept and at the same time to collect data to develop a specific but robust algorithm. In a follow-up experiment, twelve conventionally calibrated participants interacted successfully with the system. For another group of twelve people the eye tracker was not calibrated individually, but on a third person. Results show that for both groups interaction was possible without false alarms. Both groups rated the user experience of the system as positive.

Eye-Movement and Performance during Reading by Cerebral Palsy Patients

2010 ◽  
pp. 219-233
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiko Karashima
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
And Performance

This chapter introduced the characteristics of CP patients reading Japanese documents in comparison with fully abled students through two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to study the characteristics in reading Japanese still documents and Experiment 2 was designed to study the characteristics in reading Japanese scrolling documents. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the CP patients needed more time to read the documents than the students regardless of the difficulty of the documents. The eye fixation duration of the CP patients was generally the same as the students, although slightly longer with the most difficult documents. The frequency of eye fixation of the CP patients was greater than the students regardless of the difficulty. The distribution map of the intervals between the eye fixations revealed that the CP patients performed more eye movements. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the most comfortable scrolling speed of CP patients was slower than that of the students regardless of the size of the scrolling window. The most comfortable scrolling speed of CP patients was stable regardless of the window size, while the most comfortable scrolling speed of the students increased as the window size increased from 3 to 5 characters and the scrolling speed was stable in 5 characters or more. Further discussions of the occurrence of the characteristics of CP patients reading both the still document and the scrolling document were done.

Characterizing Scan Patterns in a Spacecraft Cockpit Simulator: Expert Vs. Novice Performance

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie A. ◽  
Huemer M.S. ◽  
Miwa Hayashi ◽  
Fritz Renema ◽  
Steve Elkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Space Shuttle ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Performance Parameters ◽  
Task Space ◽  
Novice Group ◽  
Scanning Behavior

Operating a spacecraft is a complex and demanding task that requires years of training and constant monitoring of both navigation and systems parameters. By examining differences in scanning between “expert” and “novice” operators, we can develop cognitive models of scanning behavior or enhance training. In the Intelligent Spacecraft Interface Systems (ISIS) laboratory, we measure eye movements and record performance parameters in a part-task space shuttle cockpit simulator. We trained airline transport pilots (as our “novice” group) on fundamentals of flying an ascent (”launch-to-orbit”) in the space shuttle. We tested three levels of malfunctions occurring during a trial—none (nominal), one malfunction, or three malfunctions—on both pilots and astronauts (our “expert” group). Astronauts had fewer errors and faster reaction times. Eye movement analyses showed that both astronauts and pilots similarly modified their scan strategies depending on the flight segment and how many malfunctions occurred during a trial.

Age Differences in Eye Movements During Reading: Degenerative Problems or Compensatory Strategy?

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
José David Moreno ◽  
José A. León ◽  
Lorena A. M. Arnal ◽  
Juan Botella
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Abstract. We report the results of a meta-analysis of 22 experiments comparing the eye movement data obtained from young ( Mage = 21 years) and old ( Mage = 73 years) readers. The data included six eye movement measures (mean gaze duration, mean fixation duration, total sentence reading time, mean number of fixations, mean number of regressions, and mean length of progressive saccade eye movements). Estimates were obtained of the typified mean difference, d, between the age groups in all six measures. The results showed positive combined effect size estimates in favor of the young adult group (between 0.54 and 3.66 in all measures), although the difference for the mean number of fixations was not significant. Young adults make in a systematic way, shorter gazes, fewer regressions, and shorter saccadic movements during reading than older adults, and they also read faster. The meta-analysis results confirm statistically the most common patterns observed in previous research; therefore, eye movements seem to be a useful tool to measure behavioral changes due to the aging process. Moreover, these results do not allow us to discard either of the two main hypotheses assessed for explaining the observed aging effects, namely neural degenerative problems and the adoption of compensatory strategies.

Cognitive Processing of Film Cuts Among 4- to 8-Year-Old Children

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Munk ◽  
Günter Daniel Rey ◽  
Anna Katharina Diergarten ◽  
Gerhild Nieding ◽  
Wolfgang Schneider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Media Literacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Short Film ◽  
Calculation Formula ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Chronological Sequence

An eye tracker experiment investigated 4-, 6-, and 8-year old children’s cognitive processing of film cuts. Nine short film sequences with or without editing errors were presented to 79 children. Eye movements up to 400 ms after the targeted film cuts were measured and analyzed using a new calculation formula based on Manhattan Metrics. No age effects were found for jump cuts (i.e., small movement discontinuities in a film). However, disturbances resulting from reversed-angle shots (i.e., a switch of the left-right position of actors in successive shots) led to increased reaction times between 6- and 8-year old children, whereas children of all age groups had difficulties coping with narrative discontinuity (i.e., the canonical chronological sequence of film actions is disrupted). Furthermore, 4-year old children showed a greater number of overall eye movements than 6- and 8-year old children. This indicates that some viewing skills are developed between 4 and 6 years of age. The results of the study provide evidence of a crucial time span of knowledge acquisition for television-based media literacy between 4 and 8 years.

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