scholarly journals Discrete Element Modelling of Soil Compaction of a Press-Wheel

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-293
Author(s):  
Kobby Acquah ◽  
Ying Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Discrete Element ◽  
Discrete Element Modelling ◽  
Moisture Content Level ◽  
The Press ◽  
Soil Bin

Press-wheels are wheels designed to compact the soil above seeds in the “seed cover” region. Soil compaction, produced by the press-wheels of seeders, affects seedling emergence and early plant growth. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used to model the amount of soil compaction from a press-wheel with varying down forces. The model was used to predict sinkage and rolling resistance of the press-wheel. The model results were validated with data from soil bin tests of the press-wheel in a sandy loam soil under varying soil moisture content levels (low, medium, and high). The sinkage results from the soil bin tests were 27.7, 26.7, and 25.2 mm for the low, medium, and high soil moisture content levels, respectively. The corresponding rolling resistances obtained from the tests were 104.4, 89.9, and 113.6 N. The press-wheel model adequately predicted the sinkage and rolling resistance for each soil moisture content level with overall Relative Mean Errors (RME) ranging from 13 to 23%. Additional simulation results show that average peak soil stresses across the three soil moisture contents at a depth of 0.12 m were 22,466.7, 8700.0, and 6900.0 Pa for vertical, horizontal, and lateral directions, respectively. The results enhance the understanding of the dynamics of the soil–press-wheel interaction and provided useful information for seeder press-wheel design.

scholarly journals Soil compaction of various Central European forest soils caused by traffic of forestry machines with various chassis

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. e038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Allman ◽  
Martin Jankovský ◽  
Valéria Messingerová ◽  
Zuzana Allmanová ◽  
Michal Ferenčík
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Moisture Content Level ◽  
European Forest

<p><em>Aim of study: </em>The primary objective of this paper was to compare the effects of different types of forestry machine chassis on the compaction of the top layers of soil and to define the soil moisture content level, at which machine traffic results in maximum compaction.</p><p><em>Area of study:</em> Measurements were conducted in eight forest stands located in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The soil types in the stands subjected to the study were luvisols, stagnosols, cambisols, and rendzinas.</p><p><em>Material and Methods:</em> The measurements were focused on tracked and wheeled (equipped with low pressure tyres) cut-to-length machines, and skidders equipped with wide and standard tyres. The bulk density of soil was determined from soil samples extracted from the ruts, the centre of the skid trail, and the undisturbed stand. To determine soil moisture content, at which the soil is the most susceptible to compaction, the Proctor standard test was employed.</p><p><em>Main results:</em> The moisture content for maximal compaction fluctuated from 12% to 34.06%. Wheeled machines compacted the soil to 1.24 – 1.36 g.cm<sup>-3</sup> (30.3 – 35.4 % compaction) in dried state. Bulk density of soil in stands where tracked machine operated was lower, ranging from 1.02 to 1.06 g.cm<sup>-3</sup> (25.3 % compaction).</p><p><em>Research highlights:</em> All wheeled machines caused the same amount of soil compaction in the ruts, despite differences in tyres, machine weight, etc. Maximum compaction caused by forestry machines occurred at minimal moisture contents, easily achievable in European climatic conditions.  </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> soil compaction; bulk density; soil moisture content limits; cut-to-length machines; skidders.</p>

scholarly journals Effect of Harvest Timing and Soil Moisture Content on Compaction, Growth and Harvest Yield in a Miscanthus Cropping System

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael O’Flynn ◽  
John Finnan ◽  
Edna Curley ◽  
Kevin McDonnell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Biomass Yield ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Early Harvest ◽  
Shoot Emergence

Harvesting Miscanthus × giganteus (J.M. Greef & Deuter ex Hodkinson & Renvoize) after shoot emergence is known to reduce yields in subsequent seasons. This research was conducted in Miscanthus to assess the effects on crop response and soil compaction of annually repeated traffic, applied both before new growth in the rhizomes (early harvest) and after shoot emergence (late harvest), at two different soil moisture contents. While an annual early harvest, yields more than a late harvest, because damage to new shoots is avoided, soil compaction may be increased following repeated harvests. Five treatments were tested: (a) An untrafficked control, (b) early-traffic on soil with typical soil moisture content (SMC) (early-normal), (c) early-traffic on soil with elevated SMC (early-elevated), (d) late-traffic on soil with typical SMC (late-normal) and (e) late-traffic on soil with elevated SMC (late-wet). The experiment was conducted on a Gleysol in Co. Dublin, Ireland during 2010 and 2011. Crop response effects were assessed by measuring stem numbers, stem height, trafficked zone biomass yield (November) and overall stem yield (January). Compaction effects were assessed by measuring penetration resistance, bulk density and water infiltration rate. Trafficked zone biomass yield in the early-dry and early-wet treatments was, respectively, 18% and 23% lower than in the control, but was, respectively, 39% and 31% higher than in the late-dry treatment. Overall, stem yield was significantly lower in the late-normal and late-wet treatments (10.4 and 10.1 tdm ha−1 respectively) when compared with the control (12.4 tdm ha−1), but no significant difference was recorded in overall stem yield between both early-traffic treatments and the control. Penetration resistance values were significantly higher in all trafficked treatments when compared with the control at depths of 0.15 m (≥54–61%) and 0.30 m (≥27–57%) and were significantly higher in 2011 when compared with 2010 at depths of 0.15 and 0.30 m. Baler system traffic in Miscanthus significantly reduced yields and significantly increased compaction annually. Miscanthus harvested early, on a dry soil, yielded 1.1 tdm ha−1 more than when harvested late on a dry soil. The yield advantage increased to 1.3 tdm ha−1 when early harvesting on a soil with 40–43% moisture content was compared with late harvesting on a wetter soil (51–52% moisture content). In this study, the magnitude of yield losses from compaction or other causes in early harvests was substantially lower than the yield losses, which resulted from shoot damage in late harvests. It is likely in similar climates that the results of this study would also apply to other perennial crops growing in similar soil types.

Testing Study on Soil’s Moisture Content of Geogrid-Reinforced Clay under Freezing-Thawing Cycles

2012 ◽  
Vol 256-259 ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Rong Fei Zhao ◽  
Yong Ning Mi ◽  
Wei Gao
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Reinforced Clay ◽  
Compaction Degree

A series of moisture content tests were carried out to study the changes in geogrid-reinforced clay moisture content under freezing-thawing cycles, the influences of compaction degree, reinforcement layers and initial moisture content of the soil on the soil moisture content under freezing-thawing cycles were discussed. We can see that the soil compaction degree is the first important factor to the moisture content, the change of upper lay clay moisture content is positive for the low compaction degree and negative for a high one; the reinforcement layers is the second important factor to moisture content, the upper lay moisture content reduces with the increasing of reinforcement layers, it is significant in the high compaction soil; the initial moisture content is the weakest factor, a big change of upper lay moisture content only appears when the initial moisture content is large and the soil compaction is low.

scholarly journals Soil Compaction Due to Harvest Traffic in Sugarcane Fields on a Lajas Valley Farm of Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-292
Author(s):  
Lal N. Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Before And After

Soil compaction tests were conducted on a farm in the Lajas Valley of Puerto Rico. Experiments were carried out in five fields of sugarcane to determine soil compaction caused in the center of furrows by a J & L harvester and in banks of ridges caused by loaded transport carts. Similar tests also were conducted in three additional fields to determine soil compaction caused by the harvester in the center of furrows at a moisture content close to field capacity. Penetrometer readings were taken at random in the center of furrows and in the banks of ridges before and after the passing of the load. Soil moisture content was determined in these locations by the oven-dry method. Soil compaction caused by the harvester was not severe under the conditions of the test, but the loaded transport carts caused considerable soil compaction in the bank of the ridges.

Skidder and Tire Size Effects on Soil Compaction

1985 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Dale Greene ◽  
William B. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Plastic Limit ◽  
A Site

Abstract Soil compaction in a Chewacla silt loam was significantly reduced by the use of larger tire sizes when the soil was moist (at its plastic limit). Reducing the skidder size slightly did not reduce soil compaction significantly. More important in determining compaction levels were soil moisture content and the number of trips the machine made across a site. Although larger tires can reduce soil compaction, reducing logging activity in wet soil or confining traffic to skid roads can minimize site damage.

A survey on the soil penetration resistance and soil moisture content in field experiments

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-359
Author(s):  
P. Földesi ◽  
C. Gyuricza
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance

Various forms of physical soil degradation, including soil compaction, have been widely investigated both in Hungary and abroad. Soil compaction is a world-scale problem, which may be triggered by both natural and artificial factors and may adversely influence the effectiveness of crop production. In the long run this unfavourable change in the physical condition of the soil may result in extra expenses, higher energy consumption and excessive environmental damage. The effect of conventional tillage on the physical condition of the soil was assessed on six farms for three years in the framework of field experiments. In this study the physical condition of the soil was examined in terms of soil penetration resistance and moisture content. Significant differences between the experiments were revealed when penetration resistance (PR) was examinated at a depth of 20–30 cm, but not at other depths. In 2004 the mean PR values exceeded 3 MPa in experiments A, B and E. In 2005 significant differences were observed between the experiments at a depth of 30–40 cm, but no adverse compaction was detected at any depth in any of the experiments. In 2006 significant differences were observed between the experiments at depths of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm, though even in that year no adverse soil compaction was detected. In the first year significant differences in soil moisture content were revealed at depths of 10–20 cm, 20–30 cm, 30–40 cm and 40–50 cm, and in 2005 at depths of 20–30 cm and 30–40 cm. In 2006 no significant differences were found between the experiments at any depth. The highest soil moisture contents were recorded in all the experiments at a depth of 30–40 cm. All in all, the results of both penetration resistance and moisture content were indicative of favourable soil conditions. During the period investigated adversely compact layers that would hamper moisture transport were not found in any of the experiments.

scholarly journals Interaction soil compaction and soil moisture in physiological responses of freshly planted coffee

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-378
Author(s):  
Samuel Moreira Dias ◽  
André Cabral França ◽  
Ricardo Siqueira da Silva ◽  
Rita de Cassia Ribeiro Carvalho ◽  
Fabrício Resende de Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Soil Subsurface

In the field, coffee is subject to the stress of soil compaction and lack of water, which may cause changes in the physiological responses of the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of the coffee tree under different soil moisture content and compaction degrees in the soil subsurface. The experimental design was in blocks, arranged in a factorial scheme, with four replications. The first factor corresponds to the two wetlands, 50 and 100% of the soil field capacity. The second factor corresponds to 60, 70, 80 and 90% of soil subsurface compaction. The experimental plot consisted of a Coffea arabica L. plant grown on a polyvinyl chloride column. The physiological responses were evaluated at 180 days of planting. The photosynthetic rate, carbon consumption, CO2 concentration in the substamatic chamber, internal carbon / atmospheric carbon ratio, water efficiency and absolute coffee growth rate were influenced by the different compaction degrees and soil moisture content. The transpiration rate and the root weight ratio were influenced only by the humidity, as opposed to the stomatal conductance and the foliar temperature, which were by degrees of compaction. The ratio of root system per soil layer was influenced by compaction degrees and soil depth. The limitation of root growth and lack of water are the main causes of the decrease in physiological responses. Subsurface compaction and water deficit together potentiate the effect negatively on the physiological responses of freshly seeded coffee plants.

scholarly journals Development of a Single Wheel Test Rig for Measuring Motion Resistance

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
A. M. Sedara
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Vertical Load ◽  
Inflation Pressure ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Motion Resistance ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Soil Bin

Research on soil-wheel interaction is essential in studies of motion resistance of narrow wheels of agricultural machines. The aim of this research was to study the effects of soil moisture content and tyre inflation pressure on motion resistance of narrow wheels using a locally developed single wheel test rig. A single wheel Test Rig facility was developed at Federal University of Technology, Akure. It consists of a soil bin, carriage, single narrow wheel tester, trolley and drive system. An existing indoor soil bin facility was equipped with a soil bin which dimension was 9.76 m length x 1.98 m width x 0.92 m high. The single-wheel test facility was utilized to investigate the effect of tyre inflation pressure and vertical load on motion resistance of wheel. Two narrow wheels of 90/10-10 in width, IRC MB90 tyre were used as the test wheels on clay soil and were separately installed on a carriage that traversed the length of soil bin. Two inflation pressures of 274 kPa and 380 kPa and four levels of vertical load applied on wheel (i.e. 15, 20, 30, and 40 kg) were examined at two different soil moisture conditions (bulk density of 1.58 g/cm3 and 1.55 g/cm3, soil moisture content of 8% and 10% dry basis and soil penetration resistance of 1.02 MPa and 1.5 MPa). Exponential regression was obtained for the two wheels to check for linearity at different moisture content, R2 value for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content was 0.9974 while that of inflation pressure of 380 kPa at 10% moisture content was 0.9952; also for test wheel two (2) R2 value was 0.9977 and 0.9914 at moisture content of 8% and 10% respectively, this shows for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content showed more motion resistance compared to motion resistance of test wheel 1 at inflation pressure of 380 kPa and 10% moisture content, while for test wheel 2 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa showed low motion resistance at 8% motion content. The effect of different inflation pressures and vertical loads on the motion resistance of the narrow wheels has been investigated under different moisture content (8% and 10%). The contact area for all tests was in the range of 309-330 cm2, average contact pressure increased nearly linearly with increase in vertical load and increase in inflation pressure The research provides data that are relevant in the study of soil-wheel interaction.

Studies on field establishment of monogerm sugar beet

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
High Soil

SummaryThe percentage emergence from monogerm sugar-beet seed in field experiments was reduced by high soil moisture content and soil compaction, but was unaffected by soil temperature. Seed lots were differentially influenced when the soil conditions were very adverse. Pelleted seed emerged a little better in good soil conditions and was not more sensitive to high soil moisture content than raw seed.The relation between laboratory germination and the number of emerged seedlings was variable and followed no obvious trends, and there was no consistent rank order in the emergence ability of four commercial cultivars.

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