Development of a Single Wheel Test Rig for Measuring Motion Resistance

Journal of Engineering Research and Reports ◽

10.9734/jerr/2019/v4i416909 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

A. M. Sedara

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Test Facility ◽

Vertical Load ◽

Inflation Pressure ◽

Test Rig ◽

Motion Resistance ◽

Four Levels ◽

Soil Bin

Research on soil-wheel interaction is essential in studies of motion resistance of narrow wheels of agricultural machines. The aim of this research was to study the effects of soil moisture content and tyre inflation pressure on motion resistance of narrow wheels using a locally developed single wheel test rig. A single wheel Test Rig facility was developed at Federal University of Technology, Akure. It consists of a soil bin, carriage, single narrow wheel tester, trolley and drive system. An existing indoor soil bin facility was equipped with a soil bin which dimension was 9.76 m length x 1.98 m width x 0.92 m high. The single-wheel test facility was utilized to investigate the effect of tyre inflation pressure and vertical load on motion resistance of wheel. Two narrow wheels of 90/10-10 in width, IRC MB90 tyre were used as the test wheels on clay soil and were separately installed on a carriage that traversed the length of soil bin. Two inflation pressures of 274 kPa and 380 kPa and four levels of vertical load applied on wheel (i.e. 15, 20, 30, and 40 kg) were examined at two different soil moisture conditions (bulk density of 1.58 g/cm3 and 1.55 g/cm3, soil moisture content of 8% and 10% dry basis and soil penetration resistance of 1.02 MPa and 1.5 MPa). Exponential regression was obtained for the two wheels to check for linearity at different moisture content, R2 value for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content was 0.9974 while that of inflation pressure of 380 kPa at 10% moisture content was 0.9952; also for test wheel two (2) R2 value was 0.9977 and 0.9914 at moisture content of 8% and 10% respectively, this shows for test wheel 1 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa at 8% moisture content showed more motion resistance compared to motion resistance of test wheel 1 at inflation pressure of 380 kPa and 10% moisture content, while for test wheel 2 with inflation pressure of 270 kPa showed low motion resistance at 8% motion content. The effect of different inflation pressures and vertical loads on the motion resistance of the narrow wheels has been investigated under different moisture content (8% and 10%). The contact area for all tests was in the range of 309-330 cm2, average contact pressure increased nearly linearly with increase in vertical load and increase in inflation pressure The research provides data that are relevant in the study of soil-wheel interaction.

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Effect of soil moisture content, dynamic load and wheel slippage in measuring traction in an indoor traction bed

Poljoprivredna tehnika ◽

10.5937/poljteh2101022t ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 22-30

Author(s):

A.F. Tola ◽

A.M. Sedara ◽

O.B. Olatunde ◽

A.A. Babalola

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Dynamic Load ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Inflation Pressure ◽

Test Rig ◽

Wheel Load ◽

Test Mode ◽

Tractive Efficiency

A study was conducted to determine the effect of soil moisture content, dynamic load and wheel slippage in measuring traction. A single wheel test rig was developed to enable fundamental research on traction studies on tropical soil at the department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering of Federal University of Technology, Akure. This facility consists of a moving carriage with a trolley that moves in either forward or reverse directions on rails well above a soil bin powered by 2.2 kW, three phase induction motor. The present facility set up was able to operate in either towing test mode for tire motion resistance studies or driving test mode for tire net traction and tractive efficiency studies. The test tire on the moving carriage was powered to rotate by a motor with additional pull provided by a cable-pulley mechanism connected to a tower with hanging dead weights. All controls on the moving carriage were activated from the main control console. The developed facility was successfully tested to determine tractive efficiency for narrow wheels at a particular inflation pressure on clay soil. The single wheel test rig facility worked well and the research indicates that wheel load, wheel slippage, soil moisture content and inflation pressure has great effect on traction efficiency. Traction efficiency decreased as the wheel load and wheel slippage increased. The developed single wheel testing facility can perform traction tests in controlled soil conditions to study the effect of soil, tire and moisture parameters on the performance of the system.

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Discrete Element Modelling of Soil Compaction of a Press-Wheel

AgriEngineering ◽

10.3390/agriengineering3020019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 278-293

Author(s):

Kobby Acquah ◽

Ying Chen

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Discrete Element ◽

Discrete Element Modelling ◽

Moisture Content Level ◽

The Press ◽

Soil Bin

Press-wheels are wheels designed to compact the soil above seeds in the “seed cover” region. Soil compaction, produced by the press-wheels of seeders, affects seedling emergence and early plant growth. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used to model the amount of soil compaction from a press-wheel with varying down forces. The model was used to predict sinkage and rolling resistance of the press-wheel. The model results were validated with data from soil bin tests of the press-wheel in a sandy loam soil under varying soil moisture content levels (low, medium, and high). The sinkage results from the soil bin tests were 27.7, 26.7, and 25.2 mm for the low, medium, and high soil moisture content levels, respectively. The corresponding rolling resistances obtained from the tests were 104.4, 89.9, and 113.6 N. The press-wheel model adequately predicted the sinkage and rolling resistance for each soil moisture content level with overall Relative Mean Errors (RME) ranging from 13 to 23%. Additional simulation results show that average peak soil stresses across the three soil moisture contents at a depth of 0.12 m were 22,466.7, 8700.0, and 6900.0 Pa for vertical, horizontal, and lateral directions, respectively. The results enhance the understanding of the dynamics of the soil–press-wheel interaction and provided useful information for seeder press-wheel design.

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Analysis on Soil Moisture Content in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

Arid Zone Research ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1148.2011.00085 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 (1) ◽

pp. 85-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Run-chun LI ◽

Xiu-zhi ZHANG ◽

Li-hua WANG ◽

Xin-yan LV ◽

Yuan GAO

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Yellow River ◽

The Yellow River

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Analysis on Grey Correlation Degree of Soil Moisture Content under Different Land Use Types in Wind-Blown Sand Area

Arid Zone Research ◽

10.3724/sp.j.1148.2009.00840 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 840-845

Author(s):

Lin CHEN ◽

Lei WANG ◽

Qing-xia ZHANG ◽

Nai-ping SONG

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Grey Correlation ◽

Land Use Types ◽

Correlation Degree ◽

Grey Correlation Degree

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Distribution of soil moisture content and its effect on the potential growth of the over-story species in North-East Chalkidiki

Silva Gandavensis ◽

10.21825/sg.v66i0.817 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 66 ◽

Author(s):

M. Aslanidou ◽

P. Smiris

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Soil Depth ◽

Moisture Distribution ◽

Taxus Baccata ◽

Mixed Stands ◽

Potential Growth ◽

North East ◽

Soil Moisture Distribution

This study deals with the soil moisture distribution and its effect on the potential growth and adaptation of the over-story species in north-east Chalkidiki. These species are: Quercus dalechampii Ten, Quercus conferta Kit, Quercus pubescens Willd, Castanea sativa Mill, Fagus moesiaca Maly-Domin and also Taxus baccata L. in mixed stands with Fagus moesiaca. Samples of soil, 1-2 kg per 20cm depth, were taken and the moisture content of each sample was measured in order to determine soil moisture distribution and its contribution to the growth of the forest species. The most important results are: i) available water is influenced by the soil depth. During the summer, at a soil depth of 10 cm a significant restriction was observed. ii) the large duration of the dry period in the deep soil layers has less adverse effect on stands growth than in the case of the soil surface layers, due to the fact that the root system mainly spreads out at a soil depth of 40 cm iii) in the beginning of the growing season, the soil moisture content is greater than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm, in beech and mixed beech-yew stands, is 10-15 % in the Q. pubescens stands and it's more than 30 % at a soil depth of 60 cm in Q. dalechampii stands.

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Mapping barrier island soil moisture using a radiative transfer model of hyperspectral imagery from an unmanned aerial system

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82783-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rehman S. Eon ◽

Charles M. Bachmann

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Radiative Transfer ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Hyperspectral Imagery ◽

Barrier Island ◽

Water Layer ◽

Radiative Transfer Model ◽

Transfer Model

AbstractThe advent of remote sensing from unmanned aerial systems (UAS) has opened the door to more affordable and effective methods of imaging and mapping of surface geophysical properties with many important applications in areas such as coastal zone management, ecology, agriculture, and defense. We describe a study to validate and improve soil moisture content retrieval and mapping from hyperspectral imagery collected by a UAS system. Our approach uses a recently developed model known as the multilayer radiative transfer model of soil reflectance (MARMIT). MARMIT partitions contributions due to water and the sediment surface into equivalent but separate layers and describes these layers using an equivalent slab model formalism. The model water layer thickness along with the fraction of wet surface become parameters that must be optimized in a calibration step, with extinction due to water absorption being applied in the model based on equivalent water layer thickness, while transmission and reflection coefficients follow the Fresnel formalism. In this work, we evaluate the model in both field settings, using UAS hyperspectral imagery, and laboratory settings, using hyperspectral spectra obtained with a goniometer. Sediment samples obtained from four different field sites representing disparate environmental settings comprised the laboratory analysis while field validation used hyperspectral UAS imagery and coordinated ground truth obtained on a barrier island shore during field campaigns in 2018 and 2019. Analysis of the most significant wavelengths for retrieval indicate a number of different wavelengths in the short-wave infra-red (SWIR) that provide accurate fits to measured soil moisture content in the laboratory with normalized root mean square error (NRMSE)< 0.145, while independent evaluation from sequestered test data from the hyperspectral UAS imagery obtained during the field campaign obtained an average NRMSE = 0.169 and median NRMSE = 0.152 in a bootstrap analysis.

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Estimating Agricultural Soil Moisture Content through UAV-Based Hyperspectral Images in the Arid Region

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13081562 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1562

Author(s):

Xiangyu Ge ◽

Jianli Ding ◽

Xiuliang Jin ◽

Jingzhe Wang ◽

Xiangyue Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Hyperspectral Imaging ◽

Fractional Order ◽

Arid Regions ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Order Derivative ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Strategy I

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based hyperspectral remote sensing is an important monitoring technology for the soil moisture content (SMC) of agroecological systems in arid regions. This technology develops precision farming and agricultural informatization. However, hyperspectral data are generally used in data mining. In this study, UAV-based hyperspectral imaging data with a resolution o 4 cm and totaling 70 soil samples (0–10 cm) were collected from farmland (2.5 × 104 m2) near Fukang City, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Four estimation strategies were tested: the original image (strategy I), first- and second-order derivative methods (strategy II), the fractional-order derivative (FOD) technique (strategy III), and the optimal fractional order combined with the optimal multiband indices (strategy IV). These strategies were based on the eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGBoost) algorithm, with the aim of building the best estimation model for agricultural SMC in arid regions. The results demonstrated that FOD technology could effectively mine information (with an absolute maximum correlation coefficient of 0.768). By comparison, strategy IV yielded the best estimates out of the methods tested (R2val = 0.921, RMSEP = 1.943, and RPD = 2.736) for the SMC. The model derived from the order of 0.4 within strategy IV worked relatively well among the different derivative methods (strategy I, II, and III). In conclusion, the combination of FOD technology and the optimal multiband indices generated a highly accurate model within the XGBoost algorithm for SMC estimation. This research provided a promising data mining approach for UAV-based hyperspectral imaging data.

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Estimation of soil microbial C by A fumigation-extraction procedure: Influence of soil moisture content

Soil Biology and Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/0038-0717(89)90168-5 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 21 (6) ◽

pp. 767-772 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

D ROSS

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Extraction Procedure ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Microbial C ◽

Fumigation Extraction

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A GNSS-IR Method for Retrieving Soil Moisture Content from Integrated Multi-Satellite Data That Accounts for the Impact of Vegetation Moisture Content

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13132442 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (13) ◽

pp. 2442

Author(s):

Jichao Lv ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

Jinsheng Tu ◽

Mingjie Liao ◽

Jiatai Pang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Satellite Data ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Support Vector ◽

Observation Data ◽

Multipath Effect ◽

Mars Model ◽

The Impact

There are two problems with using global navigation satellite system-interferometric reflectometry (GNSS-IR) to retrieve the soil moisture content (SMC) from single-satellite data: the difference between the reflection regions, and the difficulty in circumventing the impact of seasonal vegetation growth on reflected microwave signals. This study presents a multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) SMC retrieval model based on integrated multi-satellite data on the impact of the vegetation moisture content (VMC). The normalized microwave reflection index (NMRI) calculated with the multipath effect is mapped to the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to estimate and eliminate the impact of VMC. A MARS model for retrieving the SMC from multi-satellite data is established based on the phase shift. To examine its reliability, the MARS model was compared with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model, a backpropagation neural network (BPNN) model, and a support vector regression (SVR) model in terms of the retrieval accuracy with time-series observation data collected at a typical station. The MARS model proposed in this study effectively retrieved the SMC, with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.916 and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.021 cm3/cm3. The elimination of the vegetation impact led to 3.7%, 13.9%, 11.7%, and 16.6% increases in R2 and 31.3%, 79.7%, 49.0%, and 90.5% decreases in the RMSE for the SMC retrieved by the MLR, BPNN, SVR, and MARS model, respectively. The results demonstrated the feasibility of correcting the vegetation changes based on the multipath effect and the reliability of the MARS model in retrieving the SMC.

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