scholarly journals Effects of Harvest Time on the Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Hay Produced in Northern Italy

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 917
Author(s):  
Domenico Ronga ◽  
Aldo Dal Prà ◽  
Alessandra Immovilli ◽  
Fabrizio Ruozzi ◽  
Roberto Davolio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The aim of this work was to study the yield and nutritional characteristics of winter wheat hay. A selection of cultivars recommended for three main purposes: grain, whole plant (biomass) and dual purpose (grain and biomass) production were cultivated and harvested from heading to grain dough stages. Yield dry weight (YDW), dry matter (DM) and undigested neutral detergent fiber (uNDF) increased with advancing maturity, ranging from 9 t ha−1, 20 and 11% of DM to 16 t ha−1, 43 and 17% of DM, respectively; while crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased from 11 and 59% of DM to 6 and 54% of DM, respectively. Our study showed that dual purpose winter wheat cultivars displayed similar performance of CP, NDF and net energy for lactation, when harvested at heading or grain milk stages. In addition, winter wheat recommended to be harvested as whole plant showed similar values of YDW, sugar and starch contents, when harvested at grain dough and milk stages. These characteristics are strategic in hay production, allowing a more flexible harvesting strategy. These results might be useful to improve the hay production, given useful information on harvest time and improving agricultural sustainability covering the soil in autumn and winter.

PREDICTED FORAGE VALUE OF WHOLE PLANT CEREALS

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-986 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. FISHER ◽  
D. B. FOWLER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Acid Detergent Fiber ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Forage Value

Dry matter yield, percent dry weight, in vitro digestible dry matter, in vitro digestible organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash and hemicellulose contents were determined for spring- and fall-sown common wheat, barley, rye and triticale and spring-sown durum wheat and oats for the period from late boot to maturity. Differences among cultivars and stages of maturity were significant for all parameters. These differences were accompanied by stage of maturity interactions. Consideration of the interrelationships among these parameters revealed that level of in vitro digestible dry matter was reflected in measures of acid detergent fiber and ash or percent dry weight. Further analyses indicated that differences in digestibility due to stage of maturity were primarily reflected by changes in ash or percent dry weight, while differences in digestibility among cultivars were mainly attributable to differences in acid detergent fiber.

scholarly journals Use of the delayed luminescence test for evaluation of changes in frost-resistance of winter wheat

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksander Brzóstowicz ◽  
Zdzisław Prokowski ◽  
Antoni Murkowski ◽  
Edward Grabikowski
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Frost Resistance ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Delayed Luminescence ◽  
Luminescence Method ◽  
Frost Hardening ◽  
Conductometric Method ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Autumn And Winter

The influence of frost hardening conditions on the frost-resistance of three winter wheat cultivars ('Mironowska 808', 'Grana' and 'Maris Huntsman') was studied. Frost resistance was measured periodically during the autumn and winter season by the delayed luminescence method. Parallelly an electrical conductivity test was performed for comparison. It was found that the temperature which delayed luminescence reaches its maximum (t<sub>N</sub>) correlates with (t<sub>50</sub>) obtained by the conductometric method. The differences in response of particular cultivars to frost and hardening conditions are described.

INFLUENCE OF DURATION OF GROWTH, SEED SIZE, AND SEEDING DEPTH ON COLD HARDINESS OF TWO HARDY WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 917-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. FREYMAN
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Marked Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Small Seed ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Freezing Test ◽  
Test Plants

Two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Kharkov 22 MC and Winalta, were grown for 14 or 28 days under controlled environment from large or small seed or from seed with about half the endosperm removed. The kernels were seeded either 1 or 5 cm deep. After a 14-day cold hardening period followed by a freezing test, plants that had grown actively for 28 days were hardier than those that had grown actively for only 14 days. Plants from large kernels were hardier than those from small kernels, which in turn were slightly hardier than those from kernels with half the endosperm removed. Deep seeding reduced cold hardiness. The treatments had a marked effect on the dry weight of crowns and a smaller effect on crown total available carbohydrate content, both of which were positively correlated with cold hardiness, whereas water content was negatively correlated with cold hardiness.

Winter wheat cultivars in Australian farming systems: a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 501 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Agronomic Management ◽  
Vernalisation Requirement ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

Winter wheat cultivars are defined as those that have an obligate vernalisation requirement that must be met before they will progress from the vegetative to reproductive phase of development i.e. they must experience a true winter before they will flower. Historically, very little breeding effort has been applied to the selection of winter cultivars suited to southern Australia, with the notable exception of the New South Wales Agriculture breeding program based in Wagga and Temora that ran from the 1960s until 2002. A shift by growers to earlier sowing, increased usage of dual-purpose cereals, and research highlighting the whole-farm benefits of winter cultivars to average farm wheat yield has increased grower interest and demand for winter cultivars. Three major wheat breeding companies operating in southern Australia have responded by commencing selection for milling quality winter cultivars, the first of which was released in 2017. Existing research relating to winter wheats in southern Australian farming systems is reviewed here, including interactions with agronomic management, environment and weeds and disease. It is concluded that winter wheats can offer significant production and farming system benefits to growers by allowing earlier establishment, which increases water-limited potential yield (PYw) by ~15% relative to later sown spring wheats, and makes forage available for dual-purpose grazing during vegetative development. Winter wheats sown early require agronomic management different to that of later sown spring wheats, including greater attention to control of grass weeds and certain diseases. There are significant research gaps that will prevent growers from maximising the opportunities from new winter cultivars once they are released. The first of these is a well-defined establishment window for winter cultivars, particularly in medium-low rainfall environments of South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia that have not historically grown them. There is circumstantial evidence that the yield advantage of early established winter wheats over later sown spring wheats is greatest when stored soil water is present at establishment, or the soil profile fills during the growing season. Explicit confirmation of this would allow growers to identify situations where the yield advantage of winter wheats will be maximised. Given the imminent release of several new winter wheat cultivars and the increases in PYw that they embody, it is critical to experimentally define the management and environmental conditions under which performance of these new genotypes are optimised, before their release and availability to growers. Optimising the genotype × environmental × management interactions possible with these cultivars will empower growers to make the best use of the technology and better realise the gains in water limited potential yield possible with these genotypes.

scholarly journals Effect of Hybrid Type on Fermentation and Nutritional Parameters of Whole Plant Corn Silage

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Yue Liu ◽  
Guogen Wang ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Qingxiang Meng ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Corn Silage ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Soluble Fiber ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Nutritional Parameters ◽  
Hybrid Type ◽  
Whole Plant

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of hybrid type on the fermentation and nutritional parameters of whole-plant corn silage (dual-purpose and silage-specific corn). For this purpose, the two corn hybrid types were harvested at the one-half to three-fourths milk line and ensiled in fermentation bags (50 × 80 cm) for 60 day. Our results demonstrated that the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid (p = 0.004), propionic acid (p < 0.001), Flieg point (p < 0.001), ether extract (p = 0.039), starch (p < 0.001), milk-per-ton index (p < 0.005), net energy for lactation (p = 0.003), total digestible nutrients (p < 0.001), neutral detergent soluble fiber (p =0.04), and in situ dry matter digestibility (TDMDis) (p < 0.001) were higher in dual-purpose corn silage, while the pH (p = 0.014), acetic acid (p = 0.007), the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen (p = 0.045), neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001), acid detergent fiber (p < 0.001), acid detergent lignin (p < 0.001), dry matter yield per ha (p < 0.001), milk-per-acre index (p = 0.003), available neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001), and unavailable neutral detergent fiber (p < 0.001) were higher in silage-specific corn silage. Based on our analysis, we concluded that under favourable production conditions for whole-plant corn silage, the nutritive value per unit was higher in dual-purpose corn while biomass yield and nutrient value per ha were higher in silage-specific corn.

scholarly journals Impact of Harvest Time and Pruning Technique on Total CBD Concentration and Yield of Medicinal Cannabis

Plants ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Danilo Crispim Massuela ◽  
Jens Hartung ◽  
Sebastian Munz ◽  
Federico Erpenbach ◽  
Simone Graeff-Hönninger
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Medicinal Cannabis ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The definition of optimum harvest and pruning interventions are important factors varying inflorescence yield and cannabinoid composition. This study investigated the impact of (i) harvest time (HT) and (ii) pruning techniques (PT) on plant biomass accumulation, CBD and CBDA-concentrations and total CBD yield of a chemotype III medical cannabis genotype under indoor cultivation. The experiment consisted of four HTs between 5 and 11 weeks of flowering and three PTs-apical cut (T); removal of side shoots (L) and control (C), not pruned plants. Results showed that inflorescence dry weight increased continuously, while the total CBD concentration did not differ significantly over time. For the studied genotype, optimum harvest time defined by highest total CBD yield was found at 9 weeks of flowering. Total CBD-concentration of inflorescences in different fractions of the plant’s height was significantly higher in the top (9.9%) in comparison with mid (8.2%) and low (7.7%) fractions. The T plants produced significantly higher dry weight of inflorescences and leaves than L and C. Total CBD yield of inflorescences for PTs were significantly different among pruned groups, but do not differ from the control group. However, a trend for higher yields was observed (T > C > L).

A comparison of the freezing tolerance of downy brome, Japanese brome and Norstar winter wheat

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. O'Connor ◽  
L. V. Gusta ◽  
S. P. Paquette
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Tissue Water Content ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars

The freezing tolerance of downy (Bromus tectorum L.) and Japanese (Bromus japonicus) brome were compared to Norstar winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collected from similar sites. From December to April of 1987 downy brome was either equal to or superior in freezing tolerance to the winter wheat. Of the three species, Japanese brome was slightly less hardy in December but was of equal freezing tolerance in March and April. There was no correlation between freezing tolerance and tissue water content or tissue dry weight in the three species. These two bromes may become a serious weed in winter wheat because their cold hardiness is either equal or superior to our hardiest winter wheat cultivars. Key words: Downy brome, Japanese brome, winter wheat, freezing tolerance

scholarly journals A Dual-Purpose Model for Spring-Sown Oats in Cold Regions of Northern China

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
Jie Yang ◽  
Longyu Hou ◽  
Wenming Bai ◽  
Jingyun Yan ◽  
Jianxi Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Dual Purpose ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Growth Ability

Alpine regions in northern China are the traditional animal husbandry base. The lack of high-quality forage supply resulting from degradation of natural grasslands and low forage production due to short growing seasons greatly restricts development of animal husbandry in these areas. Spring oats have been widely planted in cold regions worldwide harvesting as either grains or forages because of their great adaptative ability to low temperatures and early maturation and high nutritional values. To maximize forage and grain production, we developed a dual-purpose model for spring-sown oats in the cold regions of northeastern China using two oat species, Avena nuda L. (cv. Bayou6) and Avena. sativa L. (cv. Qinghai444). Growth, forage production and quality, grain yield, and re-growth ability of the two oats were investigated in field trials and field demonstration. Maximal dry weight was found to occur at 70 days of emergence for both oats with higher forage production and crude protein (CP) in Bayou6 than Qinghai444 oat species. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the two oats increased with time during the early vegetative growing stage, while the relative feed value showed a decrease during vegetative growing stage. The re-growth ability following cutting for the two oats reduced with increasing growth times during vegetative stage. Plant height, tiller density, CP and NDF contents of re-growing seedlings harvested at 30–40 days of emergence did not significantly differ from those of un-cutting control. The overall cumulative dry weight of biomass following cutting at 30 days of emergence was significantly higher than that of control without cutting in both oat species. Seed yield from plots cut at 30 days of emergence for both oat species was insignificantly different from that of control plots. Harvesting of spring-sown oats at 30 days of emergence enhanced forage production, but it did not influence seed yield. Results from 2-year field demonstration confirmed these conclusions. These findings highlight that this dual-purpose oat management model can have great applications in the cold regions of China.

The effects of weather, seed rate and cultivar on lodging and yield in winter wheat

1993 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Easson ◽  
E. M. White ◽  
S. J. Pickles
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Structural Failure ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Hourly Rainfall ◽  
Lower Root ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
June July ◽  
1000 Grain Weight

SUMMARYWinter wheat cultivars Apollo, Hornet, Longbow and Norman were each sown at 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 seeds/m2 in a field experiment conducted in Northern Ireland over the 1989/90 crop year. No growth regulators were applied and the wheat received 178 kgN/ha top-dressing in the spring. Hourly rainfall, windspeed and wind direction data were recorded and lodging was visually assessed from the end of May to harvest. Lodging first occurred in the 1600 seed-rate plots as the ears were emerging in early June and then progressively increased in the 800, 400 and 200 plots during June, July and August. Lodging did not occur suddenly but took several hours, with the stems first lying at an angle before lodging completely. Stem buckling or breakage did not appear to be the principal form of structural failure. The longest strawed cultivar, Longbow, lodged most severely. The shorter-strawed Norman also lodged badly in contrast with Hornet which had a similar straw length. Apollo, which was taller than Norman and Hornet and produced more ears per square metre than the other cultivars, lodged least but tended to lean at c. 30° from the vertical. Lodging occurred during or within 24 h of periods of rainfall which, in many cases, coincided with windspeeds at crop height averaging > 25 km/h and occasionally > 50 km/h. Lodging also occurred following rainfall when the windspeed did not exceed 16 km/h. The grain yield was negatively correlated with the average lodging from ear emergence to harvest, there being a 1 t/ha decline in yield for each 10% increase in average area lodged. The 50 and 100 seed-rate plots yielded 10 t/ha and had little or no lodging. The decline in yield with increased lodging and seed rate was attributed to the effect of lodging rather than to seed rate and was associated with a fall in the number of grains/ear and 1000-grain weight from 56 and 53·5 g at the lowest seed rate to 15 and 42·7 g at the highest, respectively. A comparison of the plants from lodged and unlodged plots of the 1600 and 800 seed rates, and subsequently of the 800 and 400 seed rates, indicated that at the higher seed rate, lodged plots had less fresh weight per unit area, basal internodes with smaller diameters, fewer support roots per stem, and a lower root dry weight per stem.

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