scholarly journals Investigating the Effect of the Tractor Drive System Type on Soil Behavior under Tractor Tires

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
Abdolmajid Moinfar ◽  
Gholamhossein Shahgholi ◽  
Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh ◽  
Israel Herrera-Miranda ◽  
José Luis Hernández-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
System Type ◽  
Soil Displacement ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Displacement Transducers

To determine the effect of the tractor driving system type on the soil compaction and soil behavior a series of tests was conducted using Goldoni 240 tractor with a power rate of 30.8 kW and included four similar tires at three different driving systems (4WD, rear-wheel drive (RWD) and front-wheel drive (FWD)). To evaluate these systems’ effects on soil compaction, tests were conducted at three soil moisture contents (10, 15 and 20% d.b.), three tire inflation pressures (170, 200 and 230 kPa), and three tractor speeds (1.26, 3.96 and 6.78 km/h). Soil bulk density was measured at three average depths of 20, 30 and 40 cm. To evaluate soil compaction, cylindrical cores were used and to assess soil behavior during this process, the soil displacement in a three coordinate system was measured using three displacement transducers. It was found that the 4WD system created the least bulk density of 1155 kg/m3, while the FWD system led to the highest density of 1241 kg/m3. Maximum vertical soil compression of 55 mm occurred for the FWD system and it declined to 43 and 36 mm in RWD and 4WD systems, respectively. Soil displacement in the horizontal and lateral directions was larger for the FWD system in comparison to the other systems. With increment of speed and depth soil compaction decreased. Minimum bulk density of 1109 kg/m3 was occurred at velocity of 6.78 Km/h using the 4WD system, also with this system at the depth 40 cm density was 1127 kg/m3. While at velocity of 1.26 Km/h and depth of 20 cm soil density was 1190 kg/m3.

Investigating the effect of farmyard manure on clay soil compactibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamel Ghadernejad ◽  
Gholamhossein Shahgholi ◽  
Aref Mardani ◽  
Mohammad Reza Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Behavior ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Displacement Transducers ◽  
Soil Bin

One of the important factors that can control and decrease soil compaction is incorporation farmyard manure to the soil. It increases soil elasticity and soil tolerance to the imported load. To evaluate the farmyard manure effect on the soil compaction, it was incorporated in the clay soil at different rates of 0, 45, 60, and 90 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>. Tests were conducted at different tire passes of 1, 6, 11 and 16 on the same track at three soil moisture contents of 8%, 11% and 14% (dry base); soil bulk density was measured at depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm. To evaluate soil compaction, cylindrical cores were employed to measure the soil bulk density. To assess soil behavior during the soil compaction process, three displacement transducers were placed in the soil in three coordinate directions of x, y and z. The soil volumetric change was measured using the transducers and soil sinkage was also measured. A single-wheel tester was used in a soil bin with a Barez 8.25-16 (8) P.R HLF agricultural tractor tire operated at a forward velocity of 0.8 m s<sup>-1</sup> under a vertical load of 4 kN and an inflation pressure of 300 kPa. Incorporating the farmyard manure noticeably decreased the final vertical and longitudinal displacement below the tire track, while the lateral displacement increased. Bulk density decrements of 14.7%, 9.7% and 6.3% were occurred via farmyard manure application rates of 90, 60 and 45 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Maximum soil sinkage occurred at 14% moisture, 16 passes of tire and with no manure condition.

Forest Soil Compaction: Effect of Multiple Passes and Loadings on Wheel Track Surface Soil Bulk Density

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 120-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen G. Shetron ◽  
John A. Sturos ◽  
Eunice Padley ◽  
Carl Trettin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Northern Red Oak ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Track Surface ◽  
Four Wheel Drive ◽  
Wheel Track

Abstract The change in wheel track surface soil bulk densities was determined after a mechanized thinning in a northern red oak stand. Mean bulk density values of the 0 to 5 cm surface of the wheel tracks immediately after felling, bunching, and skidding were: 0.80 g/cc on the high use areas; 0.77 g/cc on the low use areas; and 0.42 g/cc in the undisturbed areas. No significant differences in surface soil bulk densities were found between several loading treatments using a four-wheel drive articulated forwarder. The data indicate that initial passes of the equipment produce most of the disturbance. No significant recovery in wheel track soil bulk densities occurred during the year following harvest regardless of treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:120-123, June 1988.

Changes in soil stress during repeated wheeling: A comparison of measured and simulated values

Soil Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Naderi-Boldaji ◽  
Ali Kazemzadeh ◽  
Abbas Hemmat ◽  
Sajad Rostami ◽  
Thomas Keller
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Wheel Load ◽  
Wheel Drive ◽  
Stress Variations ◽  
Cone Index

Agricultural machinery traffic is one of the main causes of soil compaction in modern agriculture. Soils with weak inherent soil structural stability already have low bearing capacity and, when subjected to intensive tillage with a high frequency of traffic, are susceptible to severe soil compaction. In this study, repeated wheeling experiments were carried out on an Iranian clay soil prepared at two water contents (corresponding to 0.9 and 1.35 × water content at the lower plastic limit), two wheel loads (light and heavy rear wheel loads of a two-wheel-drive tractor) and two vehicle travel speeds (0.5 and 1 m s–1). The experiments tested whether the stress variations due to repeated wheeling are mainly due to variations in rut depth with repeated tyre passes and whether traffic at a higher travel speed has a smaller compaction effect. Mean normal stress was measured at three depths (0.15, 0.25 and 0.35 m) beneath the centre of tyres using cylindrical Bolling probes. Rut depth and cone index were measured after each pass. The results showed a linear increase in rut depth with consecutive tractor passes, with a greater increase on wet soil. However, bulk density increased more in dry soil than in wet soil at 0.15 and 0.25 m depth, most likely due to soil water content being close to the optimum Proctor water content. At 0.35 m depth, the bulk density increase was larger for wet soil, with obvious impacts of wheel load and travel speed (greater increase for slower speed and heavier wheel). Cone index generally increased with repeated tractor passes, with the greatest increase at 0.35 m depth in wet soil under heavy rear wheel traffic. Stress generally increased with increasing rut depth due to repeated wheeling. Reduced distance between the soil–tyre interface and the Bolling probes with increasing rut depth was investigated as a potential reason using analytical stress simulations, but could not fully explain the increase in stress with rut depth. Therefore, additional factors (e.g. soil strength) must have contributed to the stress increase with increasing number of tractor passes.

Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Halde ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
N. L. Mclean ◽  
K. T. Webb ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Penetration Resistance ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Soil Penetration Resistance ◽  
Rest Periods ◽  
Grazing System

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Bustos ◽  
Andrew Egan
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Equipment Selection ◽  
Farm Tractor ◽  
Harvesting Systems

Abstract A study of soil compaction associated with four harvesting systems—a forwarder working with a mechanized harvester and a rubber-tired cable skidder, a farm tractor, and a bulldozer, each of them coupled with a chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. The bulldozer system was associated with the highest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (16.9%), trail centerlines (15.7%), and harvested group selection units (13.1%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas, whereas the forwarder system was associated with the lowest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (3.5%), trail centerlines (1.2%), and harvested group selection units (6.3%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas. Results will help to inform loggers and foresters on equipment selection, harvest planning, and the conservation of forest soils and soil productivity.

Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities during the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) planted in large pots under field exposure

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Li ◽  
B. L. Ma ◽  
T. Q. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Microbial Population ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Soil Microbial ◽  
Plant Growth Stages

Soil compaction associated with inappropriate maneuvering of field equipment, and/or modern cropping system negatively affect soil physical properties, and thus, may limit microbial activities and biochemical processes, which are important to nutrient bioavailability. An experiment was carried out using the pot-culture technique to determine the effect of bulk density on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities in an Eutric Cambisol sandy loam soil (United Nations’ classification) planted with maize (Zea mays L.) in the Experimental Farm of Henan Agricultural University, Henan, China (34°49′N, 113°40′E). Numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes and the enzyme activities of invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, urease, protease, and phosphatase were determined at various stages during the plant growing season. Microbial numbers were negatively and linearly related to soil bulk density. With increases in soil bulk density from 1.00 to 1.60 Mg m-3, total numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes declined by 26-39%. The strongest correlations between the soil microbial population and bulk density occurred at the plant growth stages of the 6 fully expanded leaf (V6) and anthesis (R1), with R2 > 0.90 (P< 0.01) for all three microorganism categories. Increasing soil bulk density was related quadratically to the activities of soil invertase and polyphenol oxidase, protease and catalase. It appears that the greatest activities of most soil enzymes occurred at a bulk density of 1.0 to 1.3 Mg m-3, which are optimum for most field crops. The plant growth stages also had an important impact on soil enzyme activities and microbial populations, with strong positive associations between soil microorganisms and enzyme activities with crop growth. Key words: Maize, soil enzymes, microbial population, soil compaction, bulk density, Zea mays

scholarly journals Aspen and white spruce productivity is reduced by organic matter removal and soil compaction

2012 ◽  
Vol 88 (03) ◽  
pp. 306-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Kabzems
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Forest Floor ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Organic Matter Removal

Declines in forest productivity have been linked to losses of organic matter and soil porosity. To assess how removal of organic matter and soil compaction affect short-term ecosystem dynamics, pre-treatment and year 1, 5 and 10 post-treatment soil properties and post-treatment plant community responses were examined in a boreal trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.)-dominated ecosystem in northeastern British Columbia. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems only; stems and slash; stems, slash and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none, intermediate [2-cm impression], heavy [5-cm impression]). Removal of the forest floor initially stimulated aspen regeneration and significantly reduced height growth of aspen (198 cm compared to 472–480 cm) as well as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) height (82 cm compared to 154–156 cm). The compaction treatments had no effect on aspen regeneration density. At Year 10, heights of both aspen and white spruce were negatively correlated with upper mineral soil bulk density and were lowest on forest floor + whole tree removal treatments. Recovery of soil properties was occurring in the 0 cm to 2 cm layer of mineral soil. Bulk density values for the 0 cm to 10 cm depth remained above 86% of the maximum bulk density for the site, a soil condition where reduced tree growth can be expected.

Phosphorus acquisition from compacted soil by hyphae of a mycorrhizal fungus associated with red clover (Trifolium pratense)

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Lin Li ◽  
Jun-Ling Zhang ◽  
Eckhard George ◽  
Horst Marschner
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Compacted Soil

The influence of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus mosseae, on the adverse effects of soil compaction on growth and phosphorus (P) uptake of red clover was studied in a model experiment. The pots used in the experiment had three compartments, a central one with a soil bulk density of 1.3 g ∙ cm−3 and two outer compartments with three different levels of soil bulk density (1.3, 1.6, or 1.8 g ∙ cm−3). The soil in the outer compartments was fertilized with P and was either freely accessible to roots and hyphae, or separated by nets and accessible to hyphae only. At a soil bulk density of 1.3 g ∙ cm−3, mycorrhizal plants did not absorb more P than nonmycorrhizal plants except when access of roots to the outer compartments was restricted by nets. At high soil bulk density, root growth was drastically decreased. However, hyphae of G. mosseae absorbed P even from highly compacted soil, and induced a P-depletion zone of about 30 mm from the root surface. In consequence, at higher soil bulk density shoot P concentration and the total amount of P in the shoot were higher in mycorrhizal than in nonmycorrhizal plants. This experiment showed that hyphae of G. mosseae are more efficient in obtaining P from compacted soil than mycorrhizal or nonmycorrhizal roots of red clover. Key words: arbuscular mycorrhiza, phosphorus, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), soil bulk density, soil compaction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document