scholarly journals Sex-Specific Variation of Social Play in Wild Immature Tibetan Macaques, Macaca thibetana

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 805
Author(s):  
Tong Wang ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Paul A. Garber ◽  
Bing-Hua Sun ◽  
Lixing Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Macaca Thibetana ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Juvenile Males

Theories proposed to explain social play have centered on its function in establishing social relationships critical for adulthood, its function in developing motor skills needed to survive, and promoting cognitive development and social learning. In this study, we compared variations in social play among infant and juvenile male and female Macaca thibetana. Given that this species is characterized by female philopatry and male dispersal, we hypothesized that immature females use social play as a mechanism to develop bonds that persist through adulthood whereas immature males use play to develop social skills needed to successfully enter new groups. The results indicated that social play steadily increased during the infant period and peaked at approximately 12 months of age. There were no significant differences in the frequency or types of social play exhibited between infant males and infant females. During the juvenile period, however, social play was found to decrease with age, with males engaging in social play more frequently than juvenile females. Moreover, whereas juvenile males engaged in more aggressive forms of play, juvenile females engaged in more affiliative forms of play. In addition, juvenile females engaged in higher rates of grooming than juvenile males. These results provide evidence of sex-specific differences and imply the functional variation of social play in Tibetan macaques, with immature males using social play to develop skills needed to enter and enhanced their dominance rank in a new social group and immature females using social play to develop long-term same-sex social bonds in their natal group.

scholarly journals Is Play Sexually Dimorphic in the Polygamous Squirrel Monkey?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Seta Aghababian ◽  
Anita Stone ◽  
Christopher Brown
Keyword(s):  
Squirrel Monkey ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Play Behavior ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Sex Distribution ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Play Behaviors ◽  
Social Play Behavior ◽  
Juvenile Males

Play behavior is widespread in juvenile mammals and may be a mechanism for practicing skills needed in adulthood. In mammals characterized by strong adult male competition over females, juvenile males perform more social play than do females, and such play may assist in later mating competition. This study examined whether social play behavior is sexually dimorphic in a polygamous neotropical primate, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri collinsi), through a six-week field study of two groups of wild monkeys in Eastern Amazonia, Brazil. We hypothesized that males would conduct more rough-and-tumble play than females and that any sex-based play differences would be more evident in older juveniles. We video recorded juvenile play bouts and scored: age category (younger or older juvenile) and sex of players (male or female); and rough-and-tumble play behaviors (i.e., bite, grab, and wrestle). Juvenile males initiated more play bouts than did females. Most players were older juvenile males, while older juvenile females were the least represented. Older juvenile play bouts occurred mostly among males, while younger juvenile bouts consisted of a more even sex distribution. While younger juveniles did not significantly affect the number of rough-and-tumble behaviors in bouts, the number of behaviors was significantly affected by the sex of older individuals. These results indicate that social play is sexually dimorphic in juvenile S. collinsi; specifically, males play more than females and sex differences are more pronounced in older cohorts. KEYWORDS: Squirrel Monkeys; Mating System; Sexual Dimorphism; Juvenile Period; Development; Play Behavior; Social Behavior; Ethology

scholarly journals Early life stress during the neonatal period alters social play and Line1 during the juvenile stage of development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Cuarenta ◽  
Stacey L. Kigar ◽  
Ian C. Henion ◽  
Liza Chang ◽  
Vaishali P. Bakshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stress ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Early Life Stress ◽  
Social Play ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
Dna Copy Number ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Stage Of Development

AbstractEarly life stress (ELS) has been shown to have a significant impact on typical brain development and the manifestation of psychological disorders through epigenetic modifications that alter gene expression. Line1, a retrotransposon associated with genetic diversity, has been linked with various psychological disorders that are associated with ELS. Our previous work demonstrated altered Line1 DNA copy number in the neonatal period following stressful experiences; we therefore chose to investigate whether early life stress altered Line1 retrotransposition persists into the juvenile period of development. Our study uses a neonatal predator odor exposure (POE) paradigm to model ELS in rats. We examined Line1 using qPCR to assess Line1 expression levels and DNA copy number in the male and female juvenile amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex—areas chosen for their association with affective disorders and stress. We report a sex difference in Line1 levels within the juvenile amygdala. We also find that ELS significantly increases Line1 DNA copy number within the juvenile amygdala which correlates with reduced juvenile social play levels, suggesting the possibility that Line1 may influence juvenile social development.

scholarly journals Shaping long-term primate development: Telomere length trajectory as an indicator of early maternal maltreatment and predictor of future physiologic regulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 1539-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy S. Drury ◽  
Brittany R. Howell ◽  
Christopher Jones ◽  
Kyle Esteves ◽  
Elyse Morin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Telomere Length ◽  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Social Rank ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
Biological Mother ◽  
Physiologic Regulation ◽  
Negative Health Outcomes

AbstractThe molecular, neurobiological, and physical health impacts of child maltreatment are well established, yet mechanistic pathways remain inadequately defined. Telomere length (TL) decline is an emerging molecular indicator of stress exposure with definitive links to negative health outcomes in maltreated individuals. The multiple confounders endemic to human maltreatment research impede the identification of causal pathways. This study leverages a unique randomized, cross-foster, study design in a naturalistic translational nonhuman primate model of infant maltreatment. At birth, newborn macaques were randomly assigned to either a maltreating or a competent control mother, balancing for sex, biological mother parenting history, and social rank. Offspring TL was measured longitudinally across the first 6 months of life (infancy) from peripheral blood. Hair cortisol accumulation was also determined at 6, 12, and 18 months of age. TL decline was greater in animals randomized to maltreatment, but also interacted with biological mother group. Shorter TL at 6 months was associated with higher mean cortisol levels through 18 months (juvenile period) when controlling for relevant covariates. These results suggest that even under the equivalent social, nutritional, and environmental conditions feasible in naturalistic translational nonhuman primate models, early adverse caregiving results in lasting molecular scars that foreshadow elevated health risk and physiologic dysregulation.

scholarly journals Clinical Practice Recommendations for Improving Life Participation for People With Aphasia in Long-Term Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-396
Author(s):  
Jamie H. Azios ◽  
Jack S. Damico
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Purpose The purpose of this clinical focus article is to present an overview of the Life Participation Approach to Aphasia as it relates to issues in long-term care (LTC) and provide practical recommendations for implementing the approach in this setting. The Framework for Living With Aphasia is used as a guide to (a) highlight specific challenges to life participation for residents with aphasia in LTC and (b) propose clinical tools that might help clinicians move through the therapeutic process when implementing the Life Participation Approach to Aphasia. Recommendations Clinicians in LTC facilities have the responsibility of delivering services that have a positive impact on communication, social relationships, emotional health, and quality of life. Clinical tools and approaches most appropriate for LTC settings are identified that help to address these goals. Approaches are discussed across several stages representing the therapeutic process, which is ultimately aimed at moving a resident toward recovery and increased independence. Case demonstrations are provided to illustrate approaches.

scholarly journals Older People in Long-Term Care Institutions: A Case of Multidimensional Social Exclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-309
Author(s):  
Feliciano Villar ◽  
Rodrigo Serrat ◽  
Annette Bilfeldt ◽  
Joe Larragy
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Older People ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Models Of Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
The Impact

AbstractLiving in a long-term care (LTC) institution provides older people experiencing health and social problems with a comprehensive range of support services that address their quality of life. Despite access to such services, challenges arise in relation to their participation in key activities both within and outside the institution. This chapter examines such challenges, reviewing and describing ways to prevent exclusion along various domains, specifically social relationships, civic participation and socio-cultural life. Firstly, we discuss ways in which bio-medical models of care and the quality control systems, which are dominant in LTC services, standardise care, tending to put decisions exclusively in hands of staff, taking away residents’ autonomy, and ultimately curtailing rights and citizenship status. Secondly, we examine how LTC services might prevent such exclusion and promote older people’s participation in at least four respects: (1) prompting and supporting residents’ ability to take decisions on their own care, (2) favouring the maintenance and creation of social relationships, (3) enabling residents’ participation in the activities and management of the institution, and (4) guaranteeing residents’ rights and full access to citizenship. We discuss the impact and limitations of recent initiatives put into practice in these areas of practice.

The establishment and maintenance of dominance hierarchies

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Tibbetts ◽  
Juanita Pardo-Sanchez ◽  
Chloe Weise
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Hierarchy Formation ◽  
Behavioural Dynamics ◽  
Self Organizing

Animal groups are often organized hierarchically, with dominant individuals gaining priority access to resources and reproduction over subordinate individuals. Initial dominance hierarchy formation may be influenced by multiple interacting factors, including an animal's individual attributes, conventions and self-organizing social dynamics. After establishment, hierarchies are typically maintained over the long-term because individuals save time, energy and reduce the risk of injury by recognizing and abiding by established dominance relationships. A separate set of behaviours are used to maintain dominance relationships within groups, including behaviours that stabilize ranks (punishment, threats, behavioural asymmetry), as well as signals that provide information about dominance rank (individual identity signals, signals of dominance). In this review, we describe the behaviours used to establish and maintain dominance hierarchies across different taxa and types of societies. We also review opportunities for future research including: testing how self-organizing behavioural dynamics interact with other factors to mediate dominance hierarchy formation, measuring the long-term stability of social hierarchies and the factors that disrupt hierarchy stability, incorporating phenotypic plasticity into our understanding of the behavioural dynamics of hierarchies and considering how cognition coevolves with the behaviours used to establish and maintain hierarchies. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

scholarly journals A resident-nepotistic-tolerant dominance style in wild white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica)?

Behaviour ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 156 (9) ◽  
pp. 927-968
Author(s):  
Claudio de la O ◽  
Ines Fürtbauer ◽  
Andrew J. King ◽  
David Valenzuela-Galván
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Female Resident ◽  
Dominance Style ◽  
Nasua Narica ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Sources Of Variation

Abstract Dominance relationships imply consistent asymmetries in social relationships. Socioecological models predict that resource distribution determines the mode of competition that animals will face and, ultimately, the nature of their social relationships. Here, we provide the first systematic investigation of dominance style in white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica). Coatis live in cohesive female-resident groups, and have a diet based on clumped (fruits) and dispersed (insects) food items, which are predicted to favour despotic and egalitarian social styles, respectively. Our results revealed moderate linearity and steepness in dominance relationships over time, with variations attributed to stages of reproductive season, rather than presumed variations in food resources. Primary social bonds and coalitions were found to mediate dominance rank. Overall, our results suggest some similarities between coatis and despotic-tolerant primate species, at least under particular ecological circumstances, and we discuss their potential for affording a deeper understanding on the sources of variation in mammal social systems.

Multiple Attachments of OSCs in Residential Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-206
Author(s):  
Arthi Shankar Kozhumam ◽  
Riti Chandrashekhar ◽  
Ananya Rattani ◽  
Sumedha Gupta Ariely
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Residential Care ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Predictive Relationships ◽  
One Year ◽  
Caregiver Attachment ◽  
Over Time

This study describes evidence for multiple attachments by orphaned and separated children (OSC) to caregivers and explores predictive relationships between attachment and family social relationships. A sample of forty-three longitudinal children residing in residential care between 15 and 144 months at the time of assessment and forty-two newer-to-care children (entering one to thirteen months before testing) was interviewed in summer 2019. Caregiver attachment was measured using the IPPA Guardian scale, and family social relations were measured using the PROMIS Pediatric Family Relationships scale. Longitudinal children displayed similar attachment scores across a one-year time span regardless of whether they nominated the same or different favourite caretaker. Results are discussed in the context of evidence for multiple attachments and the way attachment can predict social relations for new but not longitudinal children. This paper supports that OSCs form multiple attachments to caregivers over time, with attachment starting and remaining relatively strong in the long-term.

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