Evaluating the Protein Value of Fresh Tropical Forage Grasses and Forage Legumes Using In Vitro and Chemical Fractionation Methods

The objectives of the present study were (1) to assess the adequacy of the in vitro and chemical methods to predict post-ruminal crude protein supply (PRCP) from fresh tropical forage, and (2) to identify PRCP supply predictors. Twenty-three fresh forage grasses and 15 forage legumes commonly used in domestic cattle feeding in the tropics and subtropics were incubated in the rumen of cows to determine ruminal crude protein (CP) degradation. The PRCP supply was calculated from in situ rumen-undegraded CP and in vitro organic matter digestibility (i.e., reference method), from ammonia-nitrogen release during in vitro incubation (i.e., in vitro method), and from the concentrations of chemical CP fractions (i.e., chemical method). The adequacy was evaluated using error-index and dimensionless parameters, and stepwise regression was used to select PRCP predictors. Adequacy ranged from poor to moderate (0.53 to 0.74) for the in vitro method being lower for forage legumes at a slow rumen passage rate (0.20), and even poorer (0.02 to 0.13) for the chemical method. Hence, the in vitro method can estimate PRCP supply in tropical forages with moderate to high but not with slow passage rates. Equations developed in the present study appear to predict PRCP supply with reasonable adequacy.

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Correction: Salazar-Cubillas, K.C.; Dickhoefer, U. Evaluating the Protein Value of Fresh Tropical Forage Grasses and Forage Legumes Using In Vitro and Chemical Fractionation Methods. Animals 2021, 11, 2853

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani12020173 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Khaterine C. Salazar-Cubillas ◽

Uta Dickhoefer

Keyword(s):

Chemical Fractionation ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Tropical Forage

The authors wish to make the following correction to their paper [...]

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Nutrient intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of two temperate and two tropical forage legume hays fed to New Zealand white rabbits

Nigerian Journal of Animal Production ◽

10.51791/njap.v46i1.2492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 132-142

Author(s):

T. T. Akpensuen ◽

J. T. Amodu ◽

R. J. Tanko ◽

S. B. Abdu ◽

O. A. T. Namo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New Zealand ◽

Trifolium Repens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

The Other ◽

Forage Legume ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

New Zealand White Rabbits

An experiment was carried out to evaluate two temperate forage legumes (Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens) and two tropical forage legumes (Stylosanthes guianensis and Centrosema molle) for hay intake and digestibility in the cool tropical climate of Vom, Jos, Plateau State of Nigeria. The legumes were planted in the month of June, 2016 and harvested at early-podding stage for hay. Sixteen (16) growing male New Zealand White rabbits were used for the digestibility study. The rabbits were arranged in a Completely Randomised Design and in individual cages measuring 55 cm x 39 cm x 40 cm. Nutrient contents, intake and digestibility in rabbits were determined. Crude protein content was significantly (P<0.01) higher in T. repens (18.38%) compared to T. pratense (16.50 %), whereas S. guianensis produced the least value of 13.83%. The crude fibre content of the hay was significantly higher (P<0.0I) in S. guianensis (37.29 %) compared to the other forage legumes. Dry matter intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in rabbits fed T. repens (77.88%) compared to T. pratense (76.57%), and the lowest value of 62.97% was obtained in S. guianensis. Crude protein intake was significantly (P<0.01) higher in rabbits fed T. repens (15.05 g d-1) compared to those fed T. pratense (12.71 g d-1), but S. guianensis had the least value of 8.64 g d-1. On the other hand, rabbits fed S. guianensis hay had a higher (P<0.01) crude fibre intake (23.39%). Trifolium repens was significantly (P<0.01) higher in dry matter and crude protein digestibility (64.79 and 85. 88 %), while S. guianensis had lower values of 56.89 and 71.33%, respectively. Trifolium repens also had a significantly (P<0.01) higher total nitrogen intake and retained compared to the other forage legumes. Nitrogen retained in T. repens was 2.40 g d-1 compared to 1.87 g d-1 in T. pretense, while S. guianensis had the lowest of 1.34 g d-1. The temperate forage legume hays were higher in nutrient content, intake and digestibility compared to the tropical legume hays. Therefore, the forage crops may serve as better supplementary feeds for livestock feeding especially during the dry season.

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Non-starch polysaccharide composition and in vitro fermentability of tropical forage legumes varying in phenolic content

Animal Feed Science and Technology ◽

10.1016/0377-8401(95)00808-z ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 55 (3-4) ◽

pp. 161-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Annette C. Longland ◽

Michael K. Theodorou ◽

Ruth Sanderson ◽

Susan J. Lister ◽

Ciaran J. Powell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Content ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Polysaccharide Composition

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Nitrogen Fertilization and Cutting Frequency, Yield and Chemical Composition of Five Tropical Grasses

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v67i2.7694 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

pp. 61-69

Author(s):

J. Velez-Santiago ◽

J. A. Arroyo-Aguilu

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Digitaria Decumbens ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

Cutting Frequency ◽

Harvest Intervals ◽

Agricultural Experiment ◽

Cynodon Nlemfuensis

Five tropical forage grasses: Star (Cynodon nlemfuensis), Transvala digit (Digitaria decumbens), Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) and two Limpos (Hemarthria altissima, Bigalta and Greenalta), were cultivated without irrigation for 1.5 years at the Corozal Agricultural Experiment Substation to study the effects of 3 N fertilization levels and 3 harvest intervals (30, 45, and 60 days) on the green forage (GF), dry forage (DF), and crude protein (CP) yields and on the dry matter (DM), CP, P, and K contents. The soil is a Corozal clay (Uitisol). N levels, as (NH4)2SO4, applied after each harvest, included low, 224; medium, 448; and high, 896 kg/ha/yr. P and K were applied at rates of 112 and 336 kg/ha/yr, respectively. DM content and DF and CP yields increased significantly with longer harvest intervals. The medium N level resulted in the highest CP yields, except in the case of Star grass, in which high N fertilization gave greater CP yield. Bigalta, Star, and Transvala digit cultivars exhibited the highest GF, DF, and CP yields. DF yields (means across the 3 harvest intervals and the 3 N levels) for Bigalta, Greenalta, Transvala, Star, and Pangola grasses were 35,421; 29,209; 31 ,699; 32,383; and 24,461 kg/ha/yr, respectively.

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Estimation of in vivo digestibility with the laying hen by an in vitro method using the intestinal fluid of the pig

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19800103 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 389-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

K. Sakamoto ◽

T. Asano ◽

S. Furuya ◽

S. Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Laying Hen ◽

Intestinal Fluid ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Poultry Diets

1. Dry matter and crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) digestibility of four poultry diets determined by an in vitro method using the intestinal fluid of pigs was significantly correlated with corresponding in vivo digestibility values obtained with hens.2. The intestinal fluid could be lyophilized and stored for at least 35 d without losing its activity on digestion.

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Chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of lichens

Rangifer ◽

10.7557/2.6.1.569 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Torstein H. Garmo

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Protein 4.2 ◽

The Mean

The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility of 45 samples of different species of lichen are reported. Mean content (g/100 g dry matter) of the main nutrients was: crude protein 4.2, crude fat 3.2, crude fibre 16.6, ash 1.9, Ca 0.15, P 0.09, Mg 0.05, K 0.13, Na 0.035, S 0.07. The content of microminerals (mg/kg dry matter) was: Cu 2.5, Mo 0.11, Zn 27.2, Se 0.12, Fe 898, Mn 154. The mean in vitro dry matter digestibility was 35%. However, the in vitro method do underestimate the dry matter digestibility of lichens. Stereocaulon spp. showed higher levels of crude protein, P, S, Cu and Mo than Cetraria spp. and Cladonia spp. Cetraria nivalis showed higher digestibility and contained more NFE, ash, Ca, Mg, but less crude fibre than Cladonia stellaris. Lichens contained less amounts of most nutrients compared with grasses (Fig. 1), exept for crude fat, NFE, Se and Fe.Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av lav.Abstract in Norwegian / Samandrag: Kjemisk innhald og in vitro fordøyelsesgrad av tørrstoffet er bestemt i 45 prøver av beitelav frå to stader i Sør-Noreg. Middel innhald (g/100g tørrstoff) av følgjande næringsstoff var: protein 4.2, feitt 3.2, trevlar 16.6, oske 1.9, kalsium 0.15, fosfor 0.09, magnesium 0.05, kalium 0.13, natrium 0.035, svovel 0.07. Innhaldet (mg/kg tørrstoff) av mikronæringsstoffa var: kopar 2.5, molybden 0.11, sink 27.2, selen 0.12, jern 898 og mangan 154. Den midlare fordøyelsesgraden av tørrstoffet i lav-prøvene var 35%, men in vitro fordøyelsesanalyser undervurderer fordøyelsesgraden av lav. Det var ein stor variasjon mellom dei ulike lavartane for dei fleste næringsstoffa og fordøyelsesgraden. Stereocaulon spp. inneheldt meir protein, fosfor, svovel, kopar og molybden enn Cetraria spp. og Cladonia spp. Gulskinn hadde høgare fordøyelsesgrad, og innehaldet av NFE, oske, kalsium og magnesium var høgre enn i kvitkrull, medan trevleinnhaldet var størst i kvitkrull. Lav inneheldt mindre av dei fleste næringsstoffa samanlikna med gras, unnateke feitt, NFE, selen og jern.Jäkälien kemiallinen sisältö ja in vitro sulatuksen aste.Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Kuiva-aineen kemiallinen sisalto ja in vitro sulatusaste on mååråtty 45:ssa kokeessa tårkeistå laidunjåkålistå kahdella paikkakunnalla Etelå — Norjassa. Keskimååråinen sisalto (g/100 g kuiva-ainetta) seuraavissa ravintoaineissa oli: valkuaisainetta 4.2, rasvaa 3.2, kuituja 16.6, tuhkaa 1.9, kalsiumia 0.15, fosforia 0.09, magnesiumia 0.05, kaliumia 0.13, natriumia 0.035, rikkia 0.07. Hivenainepitoisuus (mg/kg kuiva-ainesta) oli: kuparia 2.5, molybdeenia 0.11, sinkkia 27.2, seleeniå 0.12, rautaa 898 ja mangaania 154. Kuiva-aineiden keskimååråinen sulatusaste jåkålåkokeissa oli 35%. Eri jåkålåajien vålillå oli suuri vaihtelu eisimmissa ravintoaineissa ja sulatusasteessa. Stereocaulon spp. sisålsi enemmån valkuaisainetta, fosforia, rikkiå kuparia ja typettomien uuteaineiden, molybdeeniå kuin Cetraria spp. ja Cladonia spp. Lapalumijåkålållå oli korkeampi sulatusaste, ja tuhkan, kalsiumin ja magnesiumin sisålto oli korkeampi kuin Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä, mutta kuitusisålto oli korkein Cladonia alpestris-jäkälässä. Jåkålå sisålsi våhemmån useimmista ravintoaineista ruohoon verrattuna lukuunottamatta rasvaa, typettomiå uuteaineita, seleeniå ja rautaa.

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Fibrous Carbohydrate Fractions and in Vitro True and Apparent Digestibility of 10 Tropical Forage Grasses

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v58i3.10663 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 293-304

Author(s):

J. Coward-Lord ◽

J. A. Arroyo-Aguilú ◽

O. García-Molinari

Keyword(s):

Nutritive Value ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Apparent Digestibility ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Mean Values ◽

Brachiaria Ruziziensis ◽

Tropical Forage ◽

The Difference ◽

Tropical Climates

Ten tropical forage grasses (Pangola, Digitaria decumbens; Congo, Brachiaria ruziziensis; Signal, Brachiaria brizantha; Buffel, Cenchrus ciliaris; Guinea, Panicum maximum; Jaragua, Hyparrhenia rufa; Giant Pangola, Digitaria valida; African Crab, Digitaria swazilandensis; Venezuelan Elephant, Pennisetum setosum; and Limpo, Hemarthria altissima) lightly fertilized with NH4NO3 at the rate of 350 kg/ha, were harvested by hand (machete) every 30 days up to 180 days of age, beginning August 20, 1970, at the College of Agricultural Sciences grass collection, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. They were evaluated chemically for cell-wall constituents or neutraldetergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), permanganate lignin (L), cellulose (C) and silica (Si), as outlined by Goering and Van Soest and for in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), utilizing the Goering and Van Soest modification of the Tilley and Terry procedure. Hemicellulose (H) was determined as the difference between NDF and ADF. Statistical analyses of variance were conducted. Highly significant differences in NDF, ADF, H, L, L/ADF, C, and Si contents were observed between species. IVTD and in vitro apparent digestibility (IVAD) also revealed highly significant differences between species. Guinea and Buffel grasses exhibited the highest mean values in NDF and ADF contents but the lowest in IVTD and IVAD, suggesting that, as total fiber and lignocellulose contents increase, digestibility decreases. Similar trends were observed in other species. Highest mean values were obtained in Guinea grass for C, in Jaragua grass for Si and in Limpo grass for L and H. As the grasses advanced in maturity from 30 to 180 days, NDF, ADF, L, L/ADF, C and Si revealed highly significant increases while IVTD and IVAD revealed highly significant decreases with HC remaining almost constant throughout. The largest increase in NDF, ADF, L and C contents and the largest decrease in IVTD and IVAD evaluations occurred between the 30- and 60-day intervals, probably due to the high environmental temperature and high transpiration causing early onset of lignification and silicification in tropical climates. Pangola grass underwent little change in nutritive value as compared to other species. Evidence is presented that fibrous fractions and IVTD evaluations of all species compared favorably among themselves and that all fibrous fractions (except H) and IVTD differed significantly with plant age.

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In Vitro Fermentation of the Non-Starch Polysaccahride Fraction of Tropical Forage Legumes

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600026805 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 135-135

Author(s):

A.C. Longland ◽

R.D. Pilgrim ◽

J. Thorpe ◽

S.J. Lister ◽

P. Morris ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rumen Fluid ◽

Condensed Tannin ◽

Monosaccharide Composition ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Tannin Content ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

In Vitro Fermentation ◽

Acacia Cyanophylla ◽

Tropical Forage

The fibre fraction (= non-starch polysaccharides; NSP) of tropical forage legumes is a potentially important source of dietary energy. Such legumes, however often contain tannins which can reduce the fermentability of the NSP fraction. In this study, the monosaccharide composition and in vitro digestibility of the NSP fraction of eleven tropical forage legumes varying in condensed tannin content, were investigated.Milled, lyophilised leaves of 5 species of forage legume from Ethiopia, Sesbania goetzei (SG), Sesbania sesban (SS) Leucaena leucocephala (LL), Acacia cyanophylla (AC), Chamaecytisus palmensis (CP)) and six from Colombia, Calliandra sp. 29400 (C), Dioclea guianensis (DG), Flemingia macrophylla 77409 (FM) Tadehagi sp. 23227 (T23), 13269 (T69) and 13275 (T75)) were used. One gram samples were fermented at 39°C for 7 d under anaerobic conditions in modified Van Soest medium inoculated with bovine rumen fluid (5 replicates per species). At the end of the fermentation period, residues were filtered, washed with distilled water and lyophilised. The NSP content and composition of the original samples and their residues were determined by the method of Englyst and Cummings (1984). The bound, soluble and total condensed tannin contents of the original samples were determined by the method of Terrill et al. (1992).

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Strains of Bradyrhizobium From Tropical Forage Legumes Inhibit Rhizoctonia-Solani Ag-1 in-Vitro

Australasian Plant Pathology ◽

10.1071/app9950168 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 168 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

S Kelemu ◽

RJ Thomas ◽

CX Moreno ◽

GI Ocampo

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Forage Legumes ◽

Tropical Forage

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An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19890154 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 673-687 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

W. Löwgren ◽

H. Graham ◽

P. Åman

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

In Vitro Method ◽

Beet Pulp ◽

Kinetics Of Degradation ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Grower Diet ◽

Feed Samples ◽

Small And Large Intestine

1. An in vitro method, using duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces from pigs as inocula for the preparation of three incubation media for simulating the digestive processes in the pig, was proposed. The kinetics of degradation in these three media of three feed samples (pig-grower diet, sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran) with crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents varying from 111 to 196 g/kg, starch contents from 10 to 446 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 168 to 686 g/kg, were studied.2. The method was investigated by incubating the feeds in the three media for up to 96 h, and determining the rate and extent of disappearance of feed components.3. For each feed the 96 h dry matter disappearance was almost equal for all media, although the rate of disappearance varied considerably, with ileal digesta the most potent, particularly for the high-fibre feeds, and duodenal digesta the least. The patterns of disappearance of individual components were similar in all media, with the exception of crude protein which was apparently less degraded in ileal and especially faecal media.4. Results suggest that a combination of a short (6–12 h) and a long (48–72 h) in vitro incubation could be employed to simulate digestion in the small and large intestine respectively of the pig.

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