scholarly journals Three Studies Evaluating the Potential for Lidocaine, Bupivacaine or Procaine to Reduce Pain-Related Behaviors following Ring Castration and/or Tail Docking in Lambs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Alison Small ◽  
Manon Fetiveau ◽  
Robin Smith ◽  
Ian Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Pain Behavior ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
Post Procedure ◽  
Tail Docking

The use of local anesthesia at the time of ring castration and tail docking can improve lamb welfare. However, few local anesthetics are registered for sheep, and data on their duration of effect is limited. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of procaine (P), lidocaine (L), and bupivacaine (B) in terms of observed alleviation of behavioral responses to castration and/or tail docking in 10-min blocks in the first 60 min post-treatment. In each study, comparisons were made between two groups of lambs castrated and/or tail docked with rubber rings and either receiving the agent using the NUMNUTS® instrument (N) or receiving no anesthetic agent (RR). Acute pain behavior was lower in NL (n = 28) than RRL (n = 15) males in the first 10 min post-procedure (p < 0.05); lower in NB (n = 16) than RRB (n = 16) males in periods 10–20 min (0.05 < p < 0.01), 20–30 min (p < 0.05) and 40–50 min (0.05 < p < 0.01); lower in NB (n = 16) than RRB (n = 16) females between 20 and 40 min post-procedure (0.05 < p < 0.01); lower in NP (n = 8) than RRP (n = 7) males in period 10–20 min (0.05 < p < 0.01), and lower in NP (n = 9) than RRP (n = 9) females in periods 0–10 min (0.05 < p < 0.01), and 10–40 min (p < 0.05). Benefits were modest, and the effects of procaine appear to last longer than lidocaine, while bupivacaine is slower to take effect than either procaine or lidocaine but may provide longer-lasting pain relief. The duration of action of local anesthetics is short in sheep, and detailed behavioral evaluations are required in the first hour post-procedure to establish efficacy.

scholarly journals Three Studies Evaluating the Potential For Lidocaine, Bupivacaine or Procaine to Reduce Pain-Related Behaviors Following Ring Castration and/or Tail Docking in Lambs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Small ◽  
Manon Fetiveau ◽  
Robin Smith ◽  
Ian Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Pain Behavior ◽  
Anesthetic Agent ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
Post Procedure ◽  
Tail Docking

Use of local anesthesia at the time of ring castration and tail docking can improve lamb welfare. However, few local anesthetics are registered for sheep, and data on their duration of effect is limited. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of procaine (P), lidocaine (L) and bupivacaine (B) in terms of observed alleviation of behavioral responses to castration and/or tail docking in 10-min blocks in the first 60 min post treatment. In each study, comparisons were made between two groups of lambs castrated and/or tail docked with rubber rings and either receiving the agent using the NUMNUTS&reg; instrument (N) or receiving no anesthetic agent (RR). Acute pain behavior was lower in NL (n = 28) than RRL (n = 15) males in the first 10 min post procedure (P &amp;lt; 0.05); lower in NB (n = 16) than RRB (n = 16) males in periods 10-20 min (0.05 &amp;lt; P &amp;lt; 0.01), 20-30 min (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and 40-50 min (0.05 &amp;lt; P &amp;lt; 0.01); lower in NB (n = 16) than RRB (n = 16) females between 20 and 40 min post-procedure (0.05 &amp;lt; P &amp;lt; 0.01); lower in NP (n = 8) than RRP (n = 7) males in period 10-20 min (0.05 &amp;lt; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and lower in NP (n = 9) than RRP (n = 9) females in periods 0-10 min (0.05 &amp;lt; P &amp;lt; 0.01), and 10-40 min (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Analgesic benefits were modest, and the effects of procaine appear to last longer than lidocaine, while bupivacaine is slower to take effect than either procaine or lidocaine but may provide longer lasting analgesia. The duration of action of local anesthetics is short in sheep, and detailed behavioral evaluations are required in the first hour post procedure to establish efficacy.

Local Anesthetics for Neuraxial and Regional Techniques

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Schontz ◽  
Krystina Geiger
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Lipid Emulsion ◽  
Systemic Toxicity ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Liposomal Bupivacaine ◽  
Provide Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity

Local anesthetics are used with neuraxial and regional techniques to provide pain relief, most commonly postoperatively. Each agent is a sodium-channel blocker, although each agent differs in onset of action, potency, duration of action, and safety profile. Chemical structure and lipophilicity are the main determinants of these characteristics. The agents may be used alone or in combination with an additive which alters the local anesthetic’s properties . Clinically, local anesthetics provide pain relief in a multimodal approach. This reduces opiate consumption, opiate-related adverse effects, and length of stay. Additional benefits when using neuraxial techniques include decreases in mortality, venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, respiratory depression, and duration of ileus. Although there are many adverse effects, the most serious include neurologic and cardiovascular. Seizures and cardiac arrest may result from local anesthetic systemic toxicity when systemic levels are elevated or the patient is predisposed. Dose adjustment, removal, or reversal of the agent may be clinically indicated. Lipid emulsion therapy is a reversal agent which acts as a sequestering vehicle for the local anesthetic. Liposomal bupivacaine, the newest formulation of local anesthetic, may provide an increased duration of action compared with standard formulations, although more evidence is needed. This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 59 references. Keywords: amide, ester, epidural, local anesthetic, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, lipid emulsion therapy, liposomal bupivacaine, peripheral nerve block

Local Anesthetics – Substances with Multiple Application in Medicine

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Rodica Sîrbu ◽  
Emin Cadar ◽  
Cezar Laurențiu Tomescu ◽  
Cristina Luiza Erimia ◽  
Stelian Paris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Local Anesthetics ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Painful Sensation ◽  
Action Groups

Local anesthetics are substances which, by local action groups on the runners, cause loss of reversible a painful sensation, delimited corresponding to the application. They allow small surgery, short in duration and the endoscopic maneuvers. May be useful in soothe teething pain of short duration and in the locking of the nervous disorders in medical care. Local anesthesia is a process useful for the carrying out of surgery and of endoscopic maneuvers, to soothe teething pain in certain conditions, for depriving the temporary structures peripheral nervous control. Reversible locking of the transmission nociceptive, the set of the vegetative and with a local anesthetic at the level of the innervations peripheral nerve, roots and runners, a trunk nervous, around the components of a ganglion or coolant is cefalorahidian practice anesthesia loco-regional. Local anesthetics summary and semi-summary have multiple applications in dentistry, consulting, surgery and obstetrics, constituting "weapons" very useful in the fight against the pain.

scholarly journals Local Anesthetic Delivered with a Dual Action Ring and Injection Applicator Reduces the Acute Pain Response of Lambs during Tail Docking

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2242
Author(s):  
Alison Small ◽  
Danila Marini ◽  
Ian Colditz
Keyword(s):  
Acute Pain ◽  
Local Anesthetic ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Tail Docking ◽  
Function Ring ◽  
Dual Action ◽  
Abnormal Behaviors ◽  
Control Sham

Docking the tail of lambs is a standard husbandry procedure and is achieved through several techniques including clamps, hot or cold knives and latex rings, the last of which is the most popular. All tail docking methods cause acute pain which can be reduced by application of local anesthetic, however precise anatomical injection for optimal efficacy requires considerable skill. This pen trial evaluated the ability of local anesthetic (LA) delivered with a dual function ring applicator/injector to alleviate acute tail docking pain. Thirty ewe lambs were assigned to one of three treatment groups (n = 10 per group): ring plus local anesthetic (Ring LA), ring only (Ring) and sham handled control (Sham). Lambs were videoed and their behavior categorized every five minutes for the first hour and every 10 min for the subsequent two hours after treatment. There was a significant effect (p < 0.001) of treatment on total active pain related behaviors in the first hour, with Ring lambs showing higher counts compared to Ring LA or Sham. Ring lambs also displayed a significantly higher count of combined abnormal postures (p < 0.001) than Ring LA or Sham lambs. Delivery of 1.5 mL of 2% lignocaine via the dual action device abolished abnormal behaviors and signs of pain in Ring LA lambs. However, lambs in the Ring LA group spent less time attempting to suckle compared to Ring and Sham lambs, suggesting that some residual discomfort remained.

scholarly journals Length of efficacy and effect of implant location in adult tom cats treated with a 9.4 mg deslorelin subcutaneous implant

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Romagnoli ◽  
Anna Baldan ◽  
Silvia Ferro ◽  
Camilla Righetti ◽  
Ludovico Scenna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Testicular Volume ◽  
Duration Of Action ◽  
Testosterone Production ◽  
Duration Of Effect ◽  
Duration Of Efficacy ◽  
Testicular Histology

Objectives The objective of this study was to assess duration of efficacy, side effects and return to fertility following use of the 9.4 mg deslorelin implant (Suprelorin 12; Virbac) in cats, and test whether efficacy and duration of action are influenced by implantation site (interscapular vs periumbilical). Methods Sixteen healthy adult tom cats were checked with (1) reproductive examination, (2) gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and (3) semen collection until achievement of sterility, then with (1) and (2) only at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months, and every 6 months thereafter until treatment effect disappeared. Results Serum testosterone reached basal levels by 7 days post-treatment. Semen quality improved initially then started to worsen by 1 month post-treatment and after 70 days post-treatment all cats were sterile. Early in the third month post-treatment there was a significant decrease in testicular volume and penile spikes. Testicular histology was normal upon neutering performed after resumption of fertility. No injection site lesions or treatment-related side effects were observed. There was no difference between periumbilical and interscapular placement for all criteria, but there was a trend for the decrease in testicular volume to last longer and for the regression of penile spikes to start sooner after interscapular administration. One of 16 cats did not respond to treatment. Six cats were lost at variable times during the study while fully responding to treatment. In the cats that completed the study, normal fertility was regained after 805 days, on average, but with a variable duration of effect from 750–850 days. Conclusions and relevance Treatment with a 9.4 mg deslorelin implant in male cats was effective for a period of 750–850 days, which is 1.5–2 times longer than the effect of the 4.7 mg deslorelin implant. Fertility (based on serum testosterone production and the presence of penile spikes) was regained at the end of the study. Placing implants in the intrascapular vs periumbilical location did not affect duration of suppression of testosterone production. The interscapular location may be characterised by a better efficacy, although further studies are needed to clarify this issue.

scholarly journals Pain relief from combined wound and intraperitoneal local anesthesia for patients who undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy

BMC Surgery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Nan Yeh ◽  
Chun-Yi Tsai ◽  
Chi-Tung Cheng ◽  
Shang-Yu Wang ◽  
Yu-Yin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anesthesia

scholarly journals POST-OPERATIVE PAIN RELIEF FOR LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERY

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (03) ◽  
pp. 340-345
Author(s):  
ROBINA FIRDOUS
Keyword(s):  
Pain Management ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Abdominal Surgery ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Alternate Route ◽  
Parenteral Route ◽  
Group I ◽  
Post Operative Pain

The severity of post-operative pain and the lack of efforts in relievingit have led to the involvement of Anaesthesiologists in the management of post-operative and acute pain. Parenteralopiates have been utilized for post-operative pain management. The identification of the opioid receptors on substantiagelatinosa has provided an alternate route i.e 1 the epidural route - for administering opiates. Objectives: To evaluateand compare the efficacy and side effects of parenteral Buprenorphine with those of Extradural Buprenorphine.Setting: Department of Anaesthesia, District Headquarter Hospital, Faisalabad. Period: The data was collected duringthe last three and a half years. Materials and Methods: Sixty adult patients of either sex and ages ranging from 35-45years, who underwent lower abdominal surgery, were randomly selected for the study. They were equally divided intotwo groups. Group I patients were administered Buprenorphine 0.3 mg through the epidural catheter in extraduralspace. Group II patients were given Buprenorphine 0.3 mg intramuscularly. Results: Buprenorphine through theepidural route gives better analgesia with fewer side effects as compared with the parenteral route.

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