Even after many study outcomes, there is no consensus model for Osteoarthritis (OA) that properly matches human pathophysiology. While lack of consistency in an OA model makes it difficult to compare and evaluate results across research, the multiple benefits and downsides of using various cells may be assessed and weighed to help identify the optimal therapy. In addition, a higher dose of adipose-derived stem cells are the most prevalent sources of MSCs for cartilage repair (ADSCs), equivalent to Bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), may be necessary to promote cartilage formation while both types of cells provide pain relief. Donor characteristics influence MSC properties (such as age, sex, and medical history). Stem-cell heterogeneity influences the outcome of cell therapy. Several investigations indicated that precise sorting based on cell surface markers improved chondrogenesis, showing that pretreatment of cells is critical. Furthermore, advancing to clinical trials demands deep process expertise. Osteoarthritis gene therapy is also a potential possibility. Since the existing genetic basis of OA is unclear, the technique of replacing/knocking out causal genes was not employed in therapy. On the other hand, OA gene therapy focuses on overexpressing therapeutic proteins and/or degenerative/pro-inflammatory factors . In terms of cell-based treatment, in addition to knowing the mechanism of therapeutic action, additional investigation will be necessary in animal models and/or in vitro models on safety, efficacy, and regulated destiny decisions of each cell type. Developing less invasive applications offers a potential approach to OA therapy, with special attention to cell-based therapies and pathways involving OA etiology.