The Effects of a Marathon Effort on Psychomotor Performance and Catecholamine Concentration in Runners over 50 Years of Age

Long-distance running and, in particular, running marathons has become an increasingly popular activity among the elderly. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a marathon effort on the psychomotor performance and catecholamine concentration in runners over 50 years of age. The participants were male runners (n = 28) who completed the 32nd Wrocław Marathon in Poland. The runners’ psychomotor performance was assessed on the basis of their choice reaction times (CRT), heart rate (HR) and running speed measurements. In addition, the adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA) as well as lactate (LA) levels and anaerobic threshold (AT) were measured. The runners’ CRT after crossing the finish line was significantly longer by 50 ms (p < 0.05) in response to each emitted audiovisual stimulus, as compared with baseline. The mean running speed was reduced by 1 km/h between the first speed measurement (5th km of the run) and the last (42.195 km) (p < 0.05). The observed three-fold increase in adrenaline and noradrenaline levels indicates an intense activity of the sympathetic–adrenergic system. The cognitive function levels in the studied marathon runners returned to baseline after 30 min of recovery, and the function of the sympathetic–adrenergic system by seven days after completing the marathon race.

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A two-fold increase in migration distance does not have breeding consequences in a long-distance migratory seabird with high flight costs

Marine Ecology Progress Series ◽

10.3354/meps13535 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

P Dufour ◽

K Wojczulanis-Jakubas ◽

S Lavergne ◽

J Renaud ◽

D Jakubas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fold Increase ◽

Long Distance ◽

Migration Distance ◽

Flight Costs

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Comparing the Clinical Characteristics and Mortality of Residential and Non-Residential Older People with COVID-19: Retrospective Observational Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19010483 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 483

Author(s):

Francesc X. Marin-Gomez ◽

Jacobo Mendioroz-Peña ◽

Miguel-Angel Mayer ◽

Leonardo Méndez-Boo ◽

Núria Mora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Electronic Medical Records ◽

Medical Records ◽

Clinical Characteristics ◽

Fold Increase ◽

The Elderly ◽

Health Administration ◽

Epidemic Outbreak ◽

Risk Of Death ◽

Using Data

Nursing homes have accounted for a significant part of SARS-CoV-2 mortality, causing great social alarm. Using data collected from electronic medical records of 1,319,839 institutionalised and non-institutionalised persons ≥ 65 years, the present study investigated the epidemiology and differential characteristics between these two population groups. Our results showed that the form of presentation of the epidemic outbreak, as well as some risk factors, are different among the elderly institutionalised population with respect to those who are not. In addition to a twenty-fold increase in the rate of adjusted mortality among institutionalised individuals, the peak incidence was delayed by approximately three weeks. Having dementia was shown to be a risk factor for death, and, unlike the non-institutionalised group, neither obesity nor age were shown to be significantly associated with the risk of death among the institutionalised. These differential characteristics should be able to guide the actions to be taken by the health administration in the event of a similar infectious situation among institutionalised elderly people.

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Training-Load Distribution in Endurance Runners: Objective Versus Subjective Assessment

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2014-0557 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1023-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Vincenzo Manzi ◽

Antonio Bovenzi ◽

Carlo Castagna ◽

Paola Sinibaldi Salimei ◽

Maurizio Volterrani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Training Load ◽

Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Speed ◽

Training Time ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Training Methodologies

Purpose:To assess the distribution of exercise intensity in long-distance recreational athletes (LDRs) preparing for a marathon and to test the hypothesis that individual perception of effort could provide training responses similar to those provided by standardized training methodologies.Methods:Seven LDRs (age 36.5 ± 3.8 y) were followed during a 5-mo training period culminating with a city marathon. Heart rate at 2.0 and 4.0 mmol/L and maximal heart rate were used to establish 3 intensity training zones. Internal training load (TL) was assessed by training zones and TRIMPi methods. These were compared with the session-rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) method.Results:Total time spent in zone 1 was higher than in zones 2 and 3 (76.3% ± 6.4%, 17.3% ± 5.8%, and 6.3% ± 0.9%, respectively; P = .000 for both, ES = 0.98, ES = 0.99). TL quantified by session-RPE provided the same result. The comparison between session-RPE and training-zones-based methods showed no significant difference at the lowest intensity (P = .07, ES = 0.25). A significant correlation was observed between TL RPE and TL TRIMPi at both individual and group levels (r = .79, P < .001). There was a significant correlation between total time spent in zone 1 and the improvement at the running speed of 2 mmol/L (r = .88, P < .001). A negative correlation was found between running speed at 2 mmol/L and the time needed to complete the marathon (r = –.83, P < .001).Conclusions:These findings suggest that in recreational LDRs most of the training time is spent at low intensity and that this is associated with improved performances. Session-RPE is an easy-to-use training method that provides responses similar to those obtained with standardized training methodologies.

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Internal mechanical work and maximum subtalar joint pronation in different gradients

Fisioterapia em Movimento ◽

10.1590/1980-5918.032.ao03 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

Author(s):

Karina Azevedo Lopes ◽

Mayara Maciel Batista ◽

Letícia Martins ◽

André Luiz Kiihn ◽

Marcos Roberto Queiroga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Repeated Measures ◽

Running Economy ◽

Mechanical Work ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Speed ◽

The Social ◽

Complex Relationships ◽

Student’S T ◽

Student’S T Test

Abstract Introduction: Some authors have described the importance of physiological intensity in the behavior of the biomechanical aspects of running (for example, subtalar pronation), but the complex relationships between these variables are not yet well understood. Objective: This study investigated the influence of positive gradients on internal mechanical work (Wint) and maximum subtalar pronation at a submaximal running speed. Method: Sixteen male, trained long-distance runners (age: 29 ± 7 yr; stature: 1.72 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 72.1 ± 10.6 kg), performed four running economy tests (gradients: +1%, +5%, +10% and +15%, respectively) for four minutes at a same submaximal running speed to quantify the maximum values of subtalar pronation and predict the Wint values. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student’s T-test, and one-way repeated-measures (ANOVA) along with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: Wint increased according to the gradient (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the maximum values of maximum subtalar pronation corresponding to each gradient. Conclusion: Results show the maximum subtalar pronation during submaximal running depends on the speed rather than intensity of effort.

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Age-Dependent Replication of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the Cotton Rat

Experimental Biology and Medicine ◽

10.1177/153537020222700912 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 227 (9) ◽

pp. 799-802 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Spencer J. Curtis ◽

Martin G. Ottolini ◽

David D. Porter ◽

Gregory A. Prince

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Age Groups ◽

Fold Increase ◽

The Elderly ◽

Geriatric Population ◽

Cotton Rat ◽

Dependent Change ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Viral Titers

Despite the documented disease burden of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the elderly, little is known about the underlying risk factors or pathogenesis of RSV in a geriatric population. This report describes an age-dependent change of RSV clearance in the lung and nose of the cotton rat. Six days postinfection with RSV, lung and nose viral titers were significantly higher in all older age groups as compared with 4- to 6-week old cotton rats (P < 0.05). When comparing the 4- to 6-week old animals to the 15- to 16-month old animals 6 days postinfection, there was over an 800- and 100-fold increase in lung and nose viral titers, respectively. The cotton rat may prove to be a useful model in eliciting mechanisms of severe RSV disease in the elderly.

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The Effects of Running Speed on Lower Extremity Joint Moments Generated during the Support Phase

International Journal of Sport Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/ijsb.6.3.309 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 309-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Kathy Jean Simpson ◽

Barry T. Bates

Keyword(s):

Relative Timing ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Joint Moments ◽

Long Distance ◽

Running Speed ◽

Optimal Method ◽

Injury Mechanisms ◽

Temporal Events ◽

S Peak ◽

Support Phase

The investigation of the effects of speed related changes on joint moments may be an optimal method to study injury mechanisms indirectly and to identify accommodation strategies to the varied impact and loading forces incurred during running. Four skilled long-distance runners performed eight trials at each of four target speeds (3.06, 3.57, 4.09, and 4.60 m/s). Peak joint moments about the ankle, knee, and hip and the relative and absolute times for various temporal events were evaluated. The hip moment parameters exhibited the greatest number (59.0%) of significant speed related differences (p<.05) compared to the knee (27.1%) and ankle (25.0%). Increased hip extensor moments were used to decrease the braking forces, and increased knee and hip extensor moments were used to increase the propulsive forces. Absolute times decreased significantly, although relative times were fairly consistent, suggesting that the relative timing of events was invariant within this range of running speeds.

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Visual-Somatosensory Integration and Balance: Evidence for Psychophysical Integrative Differences in Aging

Multisensory Research ◽

10.1163/22134808-00002444 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 17-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Jeannette R. Mahoney ◽

Roee Holtzer ◽

Joe Verghese

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Fall Risk ◽

Multisensory Processing ◽

Reaction Times ◽

The Elderly ◽

Static Balance ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Stance Time ◽

Study Participants ◽

The Relationship

Research detailing multisensory integration (MSI) processes in aging and their association with clinically relevant outcomes is virtually non-existent. To our knowledge, the relationship between MSI and balance has not been well-established in aging. Given known alterations in unisensory processing with increasing age, the aims of the current study were to determine differential behavioral patterns of MSI in aging and investigate whether MSI was significantly associated with balance and fall-risk. Seventy healthy older adults ( years; 58% female) participated in the current study. Participants were instructed to make speeded responses to visual, somatosensory, and visual-somatosensory (VS) stimuli. Based on reaction times (RTs) to all stimuli, participants were classified into one of two groups (MSI or NO MSI), depending on their MSI RT benefit. Static balance was assessed using mean unipedal stance time. Overall, results revealed that RTs to VS stimuli were significantly shorter than those elicited to constituent unisensory conditions. Further, the current experimental design afforded differential patterns of multisensory processing, with 75% of the elderly sample demonstrating multisensory enhancements. Interestingly, 25% of older adults did not demonstrate multisensory RT facilitation; a finding that was attributed to extremely fast RTs overall and specifically in response to somatosensory inputs. Individuals in the NO MSI group maintained significantly better unipedal stance times and reported less falls, compared to elders in the MSI group. This study reveals the existence of differential patterns of multisensory processing in aging, while describing the clinical translational value of MSI enhancements in predicting balance and falls risk.

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Processing of center-embedded and right-branching relative clause sentences by normal elderly individuals

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716400010158 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 75-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Shari R. Baum

Keyword(s):

Lexical Decision ◽

Lexical Decision Task ◽

Relative Clause ◽

Reaction Times ◽

The Elderly ◽

Elderly Subjects ◽

Decision Task ◽

Older Subjects ◽

Young Subjects ◽

Repetition Task

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to explore processing of relative clause structures by normal elderly adults. Four groups of subjects (aged 20–29 years, 60–69 years, 70–79 years, and 80–89 years) participated in a lexical decision task and a sentence repetition task. Results of the lexical decision task revealed longer reaction times and somewhat different patterns of performance for the older subjects as compared to the young subjects; on the repetition task, the oldest subjects performed more poorly overall. Findings are suggestive of a reduction in computational capacity in the elderly subjects, which may account for observed decrements in syntactic processing as compared to young adults.

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