Learning to sense from events via semantic variational autoencoder

In this paper, we introduce the concept of learning to sense, which aims to emulate a complex characteristic of human reasoning: the ability to monitor and understand a set of interdependent events for decision-making processes. Event datasets are composed of textual data and spatio-temporal features that determine where and when a given phenomenon occurred. In learning to sense, related events are mapped closely to each other in a semantic vector space, thereby identifying that they contain similar contextual meaning. However, learning a semantic vector space that satisfies both textual similarities and spatio-temporal constraints is a crucial challenge for event analysis and sensing. This paper investigates a Semantic Variational Autoencoder (SVAE) to fine-tune pre-trained embeddings according to both textual and spatio-temporal events of the class of interest. Experiments involving more than one hundred sensors show that our SVAE outperforms a competitive one-class classification baseline. Moreover, our proposal provides desirable learning requirements to sense scenarios, such as visualization of the sensor decision function and heat maps with the sensor’s geographic impact.

Investigating neutrophil cell death in TB pathogenesis

Background: Neutrophils are one of the major early role players in antimycobacterial immunity. Upon infection, neutrophils can undergo NETosis, a cell death characterized by release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The role of NETosis in TB progression remains poorly characterized. We aim to characterize mechanisms underlying NETosis during TB pathogenesis by identifying genes that drive the cell death, and to determine their potential as markers of disease progression in high-risk individuals. Finally, we intend to evaluate neutrophil associated genes as targets for host directed therapy to reduce pathological damage caused by NETosis. Methods: Quantitative PCR will be used to quantify expression of specific genes identified in the blood of individuals with active lung disease (n=30), compared to those from healthy (n=30) and latently infected individuals (LTBI) (n=30). In addition, temporal events associated with NETosis will be measured using live microscopy in a neutrophil in vitro model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Candidate genes found to be associated with NETosis will be targeted with pharmaceutical inhibitors. Conclusion: Genes associated with neutrophil mediated cell death may serve as potential biomarkers of pathological damage and disease progression, as well as targets for host-directed therapy.

TIME REPRESENTATION IN SCIENTIFIC DIAGRAMS: GALILEO GALILEI’S SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF THE MOTION OF A FALLING BODY

Рассматриваются способы научного изображения темпоральных явлений на примере чертежей Галилео Галилея, при помощи которых он описывает и исследует равноускоренное движение. Для анализа применяется концептуальная рамка теории изобразительной и неизобразительной репрезентации Грегори Карри. Показано, что в случае научных диаграмм и графиков, представляющих время как одно из измерений пространства, основанием для геометрической изобразимости времени становится полагаемый изоморфизм между временем как континуумом мгновений и линией как континуумом точек. Парадигму такого структурного сопоставления мы находим в математическом мышлении Галилея, наиболее ярко проявляющемся в доказательстве формулы равноускоренного движения, представленном в «Беседах и математических доказательствах». The textbook narrative of the scientific revolution of the 17th century says that the early modern transformation of physics and mechanics was grounded in mathematization, that is, the application of mathematical principles and procedures to physical entities and events. However, such a transformation faces a major obstacle: compared to geometry, mechanics includes an additional dimension, namely, time. When temporality of motion is to be represented geometrically, a question arises on how a temporal succession can be expressed by a static image. The problem of representation of temporal events is not limited to science. In my paper, I apply a conceptual tool elaborated by Gregory Currie for the analysis of temporal representations in art, especially in cinema, to the analysis of scientific diagrams. In his book Image and Mind. Film, Philosophy, and Cognitive Science (1995), Currie distinguishes depictive and nondepictive representations, arguing that depictive representation requires similarity and homomorphism between an object ant its representation. Thus, it seems that any non-temporal image of temporal processes would lack the required similarity and cannot be a depictive representation. However, taking into account explanations given by Galileo Galilei for his famous diagrams of accelerated motion, I argue that the representation of time in scientific diagrams as a geometrical line is grounded in isomorphism between time as a continuous structure and continuous structure of a geometrical line. The main temporal process studied by mechanics is motion. Motion can be represented in two main ways: as a trajectory of a body over some period of time or as a functional relation of various parameters of motion (speed, path, acceleration) versus time. In the latter case, time is usually represented in a diagram as a geometrical line. We can find the origin of this type of representation in the late medieval doctrine of ‘intensio et remissio qualitatum’, intension and remission of qualities, in the context of which first diagrams representing intensity and extension of velocity of nonuniform motion as a changing quality over time were produced (Nicolas Oresme). We can find very similar graphical schemes in Galileo Galilei’s works, especially in Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche intorno a due nuove scienze (1638). In this work, Galileo announces with all clarity that he considers time to be the same aggregate of temporal moments as a line is an aggregate of points: every moment of time has a corresponding point on the geometrical line. This allows us to establish a homomorphic similarity between temporal duration and spatial (geometrical) extension. Thus, the essential requirement for depictive representation is met. Concluding, I have to point out that the homomorphic relation in this case is established between not real but abstract entities. The visible line itself is a representation of non-visible abstract geometrical line; in the same way, time consisting of non-divisible moments is just an abstract construction which refers to physical of psychological time-duration. However, the established relation between abstract time and abstract geometrical lines is a grounding event of the modern physical science.

Do You Approach Positive Events or Do They Approach You? Linking Event Valence and Time Representations in a Dutch Sample

In order to think and talk about time, people often use the ego- or time-moving representation. In the ego-moving representation, the self travels through a temporal landscape, leaving past events behind and approaching future events; in the time-moving representation, the self is stationary and temporal events pass by. Several studies contest to the psychological ramifications of these two representations by, inter alia, demonstrating a link between them and event valence. These studies have, however, been limited to English speakers, even though language has been found to affect time representation. The present study therefore replicated Margolies and Crawford’s (2008) experiment on event valence and time representation amongst speakers of Dutch. Unlike Margolies and Crawford (2008), we do not find that positive valence leads to the endorsement of an ego-moving statement. Future studies will need to determine the ways through which language might moderate the relation between event valence and time representation.

Explaining the difference between men’s and women’s football

Women’s football is gaining supporters and practitioners worldwide, raising questions about what the differences are with men’s football. While the two sports are often compared based on the players’ physical attributes, we analyze the spatio-temporal events during matches in the last World Cups to compare male and female teams based on their technical performance. We train an artificial intelligence model to recognize if a team is male or female based on variables that describe a match’s playing intensity, accuracy, and performance quality. Our model accurately distinguishes between men’s and women’s football, revealing crucial technical differences, which we investigate through the extraction of explanations from the classifier’s decisions. The differences between men’s and women’s football are rooted in play accuracy, the recovery time of ball possession, and the players’ performance quality. Our methodology may help journalists and fans understand what makes women’s football a distinct sport and coaches design tactics tailored to female teams.

Temporal and Object Quantification Networks

We present Temporal and Object Quantification Networks (TOQ-Nets), a new class of neuro-symbolic networks with a structural bias that enables them to learn to recognize complex relational-temporal events. This is done by including reasoning layers that implement finite-domain quantification over objects and time. The structure allows them to generalize directly to input instances with varying numbers of objects in temporal sequences of varying lengths. We evaluate TOQ-Nets on input domains that require recognizing event-types in terms of complex temporal relational patterns. We demonstrate that TOQ-Nets can generalize from small amounts of data to scenarios containing more objects than were present during training and to temporal warpings of input sequences.

P–164 Mulitcentre derived time lapse algorithms developed using 6228 transferred embryos with known birth outcome incorporating novel morphological and morphokinetic markers

Study question Can incorporation of novel markers of morphology with known temporal events successfully rank embryos to enable prediction of propensity for live birth? Summary answer Incorporation of variables for trophectoderm and morula grading demonstrably enhanced the model to rank embryos in order of potential for live birth. What is known already Models built using morphokinetic markers of development are widely used to rank embryos within a cohort. Such models include defined temporal parameters which are closely related to morphological grade. However, morphological grading by an embryologist is subjective and is not strongly correlated to outcome. Combining with defined kinetic events has been suggested to improve prediction of outcome. Study design, size, duration Data from 6228 known live birth outcome embryos from 8 UK clinics between 2011 – 2018 were investigated using an exploratory approach to identify novel markers of development. Participants/materials, setting, methods Five significant variables were defined, a derivative of time to start of blastulation; a derivative of trophectoderm grade; a kinetic variable utilising t3, t4, t5 and t8; an interval variable of tB-tSB and a variable based on novel morula classification. To maximise the output, a proxy value was derived for missing datapoints. The model was built using logistical regression and validated using fivefold cross validation with the data split as 80% training and 20% test. Main results and the role of chance An algorithm was developed including the five significant variables identified with an AUC of 0.685 demonstrating reliable prediction of live birth. Without morphological variables, the AUC was 0.674 demonstrating the improvement in the prediction value by including the derivative of the trophectoderm and morula grade. This resulted in ten classes of algorithm scores, 1–10, giving a live birth rate from 2% to 46%, irrespective of patient variables, for chance of live birth. Limitations, reasons for caution Successful application of the algorithm is reliant on stringent quality assurance for maintenance of accurate annotation and grading, and may not be transferable between laboratories with different SOPs. Wider implications of the findings: The addition of a trophectoderm and morula grade in combination with morphokinetic parameters, increases the predictive value of the algorithm in relation to live birth outcome. Using proxy values allows maximization of data for model generation, and allows the model to be applied when missing values are present. Trial registration number Not applicable

O-003 The puzzling unknowns of abnormal fertilization and first cleavage

text Fertilization is a critical event in development in that it provides the connection between the gametes and the earliest stages of embryogenesis. Yet, despite the central importance of this process in contributing to embryo developmental fate, clinical embryologists have historically assessed fertilization merely by the number of pronuclei and, if two are present, perhaps, by the presence of two polar bodies. Even though over 20 years ago, time lapse imaging was applied for defining early events of fertilization (Payne et al., 1997), it is only with contemporary time-lapse imaging systems in the last few years that detailed evaluation of spatial and temporal events of fertilization have been described (Iwata & Yasuyuki, 2016; Cottichio et al., 2018). These careful analyses allow us to describe typical and atypical events of fertilization and how they are each associated with timing of the first cleavage division and subsequent embryo development. In this lecture, we will first describe the fundamental underpinnings of fertilization and highlight the normal events associated with this process. We will then discuss gross morphological abnormalities as visualized by light microscopy and highlight the unknowns associated with these events. Finally, we will focus on time-lapse imaging studies, which have revealed the remarkable spatial and temporal coordination of meiotic resumption, pronuclear dynamics, chromatin organization and cytoplasmic/cortical modifications that occur during fertilization and the implications of aberrations for the first cleavage division. At the conclusion of this presentation, attendees should be able to: Review the normal events associated with fertilization and the first cleavage division. 1 Describe gross morphological aberrations of these two fundamental processes. 2 Discuss temporal and spatial abnormalities in the coordinated sequence of events that underly these processes. 3 State the potential application of these abnormalities as predictors of abnormal embryo development. 4 Summarize the puzzling unknowns that underly these abnormalities.

Saint Clement’s debate on Time and Eternity as a manifest for the Postmodern Spirituality

"This paper wants to be an answer to nowadays’ paradigm of thinking. Contemporary views in the philosophy of time are traditionally categorized into presentism, (live the moment) which regards only the present as real and eternal, and assigns present reality equally to the past, present, and future. As we will notes in the paper the patristic debate of time and eternity provides a very close answer as modern thinking time philosophy to the questions: What is time? What is eternity? Both answered are considering “Today” as crucial bud the patristic view of “Today” as ontological salvation and the modern view consider “Today” hedonistic. Time is given to the world only as a fleeting interval to prepare it for perfection and unchanged in eternal life. But this situation of the world in time, or its endowment with change in the review of perfection, implies that it is not of any fundamental essence or any other essence, for, in this case, it could not move towards perfection, but is created from nothing, by a personal Creator forever perfected, who planted her aspiration for him through its perfection of His power, or from the ever-increasing communion with Him. The Christian approach of time philosophy is the answer to the lost soul’s spirituality, scared by the temporal events of life like Covid 19."