The Effects of Running Speed on Lower Extremity Joint Moments Generated during the Support Phase

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Jean Simpson ◽  
Barry T. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Relative Timing ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Joint Moments ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Temporal Events ◽  
S Peak ◽  
Support Phase

The investigation of the effects of speed related changes on joint moments may be an optimal method to study injury mechanisms indirectly and to identify accommodation strategies to the varied impact and loading forces incurred during running. Four skilled long-distance runners performed eight trials at each of four target speeds (3.06, 3.57, 4.09, and 4.60 m/s). Peak joint moments about the ankle, knee, and hip and the relative and absolute times for various temporal events were evaluated. The hip moment parameters exhibited the greatest number (59.0%) of significant speed related differences (p<.05) compared to the knee (27.1%) and ankle (25.0%). Increased hip extensor moments were used to decrease the braking forces, and increased knee and hip extensor moments were used to increase the propulsive forces. Absolute times decreased significantly, although relative times were fairly consistent, suggesting that the relative timing of events was invariant within this range of running speeds.

scholarly journals Internal mechanical work and maximum subtalar joint pronation in different gradients

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karina Azevedo Lopes ◽  
Mayara Maciel Batista ◽  
Letícia Martins ◽  
André Luiz Kiihn ◽  
Marcos Roberto Queiroga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Mechanical Work ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Student’S T ◽  
Student’S T Test

Abstract Introduction: Some authors have described the importance of physiological intensity in the behavior of the biomechanical aspects of running (for example, subtalar pronation), but the complex relationships between these variables are not yet well understood. Objective: This study investigated the influence of positive gradients on internal mechanical work (Wint) and maximum subtalar pronation at a submaximal running speed. Method: Sixteen male, trained long-distance runners (age: 29 ± 7 yr; stature: 1.72 ± 0.07 m; body mass: 72.1 ± 10.6 kg), performed four running economy tests (gradients: +1%, +5%, +10% and +15%, respectively) for four minutes at a same submaximal running speed to quantify the maximum values of subtalar pronation and predict the Wint values. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student’s T-test, and one-way repeated-measures (ANOVA) along with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: Wint increased according to the gradient (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in the maximum values of maximum subtalar pronation corresponding to each gradient. Conclusion: Results show the maximum subtalar pronation during submaximal running depends on the speed rather than intensity of effort.

scholarly journals ESTUDO PREDITIVO DA INTENSIDADE DE CORRIDA NA MEIA-MARATONA COM BASE NA RELAÇÃO LACTATO-VELOCIDADE OBTIDA NUM TESTE DE TERRENO

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (13) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Paulo J. M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Field Test ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Simple Linear Regression ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
The Relationship

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a validade de um teste de terreno na predição da performance na meia-maratona (21095m). Foram avaliados 18 fundistas que realizaram um total de 33 meias-maratonas e um número idêntico de testes de terreno incrementais (4x2000m), de modo a determinar a relação entre a intensidade de corrida e a acumulação sangüínea de lactato. As velocidades utilizadas no teste variaram entre 4.2 e 5.8m/s, com incrementos de 0.4m/s por patamar. Após cada patamar de carga foram recolhidas amostras de sangue capilar do lóbulo da orelha e analisadas num YSI-1500L Sport para determinação da lactatemia. Na análise estatística recorremos ao Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson e ao Modelo de Regressão Linear Simples. O nível de significância foi mantido em 5%. 0 The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of a field test in predicting the half-marathon (21095m) performance. Eighteen long-distance runners performed a total of 33 halfmarathons and an equal amount of incrementai field tests (4x2000m) to established the relationship between running speed and blood lactate leveis. The speeds used in the field test ranged from 4.2 to 5.8m/s with increments of 0.4m/s in each step. Following each loading levei blood samples were taken from the ear lobe and analysed using an YSI-1500L Sport. Statistical analysis included the Pearson correlation coefficient and the simple linear regression model. The levei of significance was set at 5%

Personality Assessment of The Elite Women Long Distance Runners of India

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-564
Author(s):  
Annu Annu ◽  
◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Malkeet Kaur ◽  
Neha Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Assessment ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance

Blood lactate and glycerol after 400-m and 3,000-m runs in sprint and long distance runners

1984 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Ohkuwa ◽  
Yoshinobu Kato ◽  
Koichi Katsumata ◽  
Takayuki Nakao ◽  
Miharu Miyamura
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance

scholarly journals Analysis of the Impact of a Multi-Strain Probiotic on Body Composition and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Long-Distance Runners

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3758
Author(s):  
Joanna Smarkusz-Zarzecka ◽  
Lucyna Ostrowska ◽  
Joanna Leszczyńska ◽  
Karolina Orywal ◽  
Urszula Cwalina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Impact

Use of probiotic supplements, the benefits of which have not been proven in sportspeople, is becoming more widespread among runners. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multi-strain probiotic on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and inflammation in the body. The randomised, double-blind study included 66 long-distance runners. The intervention factor was a multi-strain probiotic or placebo. At the initial and final stages of the study, evaluation of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness was performed and the presence of inflammation determined. In the group of men using the probiotic, an increase in lean body mass (p = 0.019) and skeletal muscle mass (p = 0.022) was demonstrated, while in the group of women taking the probiotic, a decrease in the content of total body fat (p = 0.600) and visceral fat (p = 0.247) was observed. Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) increased in women (p = 0.140) and men (p = 0.017) using the probiotic. Concentration of tumour necrosis factor-alpha decreased in women (p = 0.003) and men (p = 0.001) using the probiotic and in women (p = 0.074) and men (p = 0.016) using the placebo. Probiotic therapy had a positive effect on selected parameters of body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness of study participants and showed a tendency to reduce inflammation.

scholarly journals Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967121S0008
Author(s):  
Mitchell J. Rauh ◽  
Micah C. Garcia ◽  
David M. Bazett-Jones ◽  
Jason T. Long ◽  
Kevin R. Ford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Quadriceps Muscle Strength ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs. Purpose: To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance than pre-pubertal (PrP) or post-pubertal (PoP) runners. Methods: A convenience sample of 142 (Females: n=79, Males: n=63) uninjured youth runners (ages 13.5±2.7 years; weekly running distance: 18.2±20.4 km) were recruited from the local community. All runners met inclusion criteria, indicating that they were between 9 and 19 years old and participated in long-distance running activities such as school/club track and field, cross country, road races, trail running, and/or soccer. The runners completed a modified Pubertal Maturational Observation Scale (PMOS), then were screened for right (R) and left (L) anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach distances (cm) normalized by lower limb length (cm). Composite reach distance was calculated by the sum of the three reach distances divided by three times the limb length multiplied by 100 for R and L limbs. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare maximum normalized reach distances for the three directions and composite reach distance by maturation status and sex. Results: Overall, 31.7% were classified as PrP status, 26.1% as MP, and 42.3% as PoP, with similar percentages by sex ( p=0.84). The only significant mean difference was found for R ANT maximum normalized reach distance between PrP and PoP ( p=0.02), indicating a greater normalized reach in PrP athletes. No significant mean differences were found for R or L PM and PL maximum normalized reach distances, or for R or L composite reach distances, by maturation status or when stratified by maturation and sex ( p>0.05). Conclusions: In this sample of youth runners, the YBT was only a discriminator of anterior reach distance between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal runners. As decreased anterior reach is associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and anterior knee pain, reduced anterior reach in post-pubertal runners may potentially signify an increased risk of sustaining a running-related injury. Thus, preventive efforts to ensure good functional quadriceps muscle strength may be merited.

scholarly journals Prevalence of ACSL (rs6552828) polymorphism among runners

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Sigal Ben-Zaken ◽  
Yoav Meckel ◽  
Dan Nemet ◽  
Alon Eliakim
Keyword(s):  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Professional Athletes ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
The Common

The ACSL A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance trainability. Previous studies have demonstrated that homozygotes of the minor AA allele had a reduced maximal oxygen consumption response to training compared to the common GG allele homozygotes, and that the ACSL A/G single nucleotide polymorphism explained 6.1% of the variance in the VO2max response to endurance training. The contribution of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism to endurance trainability was shown in nonathletes, however, its potential role in professional athletes is not clear. Moreover, the genetic basis to anaerobic trainability is even less studied. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of ACSL single nucleotide polymorphism among professional Israeli long distance runners (n=59), middle distance runners (n=31), sprinters and jumpers (n=48) and non-athletic controls (n=60). The main finding of the present study was that the ACSL1 AA genotype, previously shown to be associated with reduced endurance trainability, was not higher among sprinters and jumpers (15%) compared to middle- (16%) and long-distance runners (15%). This suggests that in contrast to previous studies indicating that the ACSL1 single nucleotide polymorphism may influence endurance trainability among non-athletic individuals, the role of this polymorphism among professional athletes is still not clear.

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