scholarly journals In Vitro Genotoxicity Assessment from the Glycyrrhiza New Variety Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10257
Author(s):  
Young-Jae Song ◽  
Dong-Gu Kim ◽  
Jeonghoon Lee ◽  
Wonnam Kim ◽  
Hyo-Jin An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ames Test ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes ◽  
Chromosome Aberration Test ◽  
In Vitro Genotoxicity

The various species that comprise the genus Glycyrrhiza (Licorice) have long been used as oriental herbal medicines in Asian countries. Wongam (WG), which is a new variety of Glycyrrhiza, was developed in Korea to overcome the limitations of low productivity, environmental restrictions, and an insufficient presence of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritigenin. In this study, we evaluated WG extract’s genotoxicity through an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test, an in vitro chromosome aberration test, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. In the AMES test, WG extract at concentrations of up to 5000 µg/plate showed no genotoxicity regardless of S9 mix. No chromosome aberrations appeared after 6 h in 1400 µg/mL WG extract regardless of S9 mix or in 1100 µg/mL WG extract after 24 h without S9 mix. Nor was there a significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days detected in the micronucleus test. These results confirm that WG extract is safe for use as an herbal medicine, as it precipitates no detectable genotoxic effects.

Toxicology of Diethylene Glycol Butyl Ether 3. Genotoxicity Evaluation in an In Vitro Gene Mutation Assay and an In Vivo Cytogenetic Test

1993 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bhaskar Gollapudi ◽  
V. A. Linscombe ◽  
M. L. Mcclintock ◽  
A. K. Sinha ◽  
C. R. Stack
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Gene Mutation ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Butyl Ether ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes ◽  
Mutation Assay ◽  
Gene Mutation Assay

DGBE was evaluated in a forward gene mutation assay at the HGPRT locus of CHO cells in culture and in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test for cytogenetic damage. DGBE did not elicit a positive response in the CHO/HGPRT assay when tested up to a maximum concentration of 5000 μg/ml with and without an external metabolic activation system (S-9). In the micronucleus test employing three post-treatment bone marrow sampling times (24, 48, and 72 hr), DGBE was ineffective in increasing the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MN-PCE) when tested in both sexes up to a maximum tolerated dose of 3300 mg/kg body weight. Thus, these data and those of others indicate a general lack of genotoxic potential for DGBE in short-term tests.

scholarly journals Evaluation of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and chronic toxicity of antiviral drug imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid in in vitro and in vivo test systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-557
Author(s):  
E. A. Jain ◽  
D. Pleimes ◽  
A. A. Globenko
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Systemic Exposure

Introduction. The antiviral properties of imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid (IPA), the active compound of the drug product, has been proven in various experimental models. However, the literature data on the toxicological properties of IPA are limited.Purpose. To evaluate mutagenic and genotoxic properties in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as to study the toxicity of IPA following chronic oral administration to rats and dogs.Materials and methods. Mutagenic and genotoxic properties of IPA were assessed using the Ames test, the test of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, and the micronucleus test in rats. The chronic toxicity of IPA was studied in Sprague Dawley rats and beagle dogs of both sexes, to which IPA was administered orally at doses of 30-300 mg/kg/day for 26 and 39 weeks, respectively.Results and discussion. In the Ames test, the addition of IPA up to the maximum dose (5000 mcg/plate) did not result in the increase in the number of revertant colonies. At a concentration of up to 5000 mcg/ml, IPA did not cause chromosomal aberrations in human leukocytes. At doses doses ≤ 2000 mg/kg, IPA did not increase the amount of micronuclei in the bone marrow of rats. In chronic experiments, animals tolerated the administration of IPA well: the dose without an observed effect (NOEL) for rats and dogs was 300 mg/kg/day.Conclusion. IPA did not show mutagenic and genotoxic properties in standard in vitro and in vivo tests. With chronic oral administration to rats and dogs, NOEL IPA equal to 300 mg/kg/day provided a systemic exposure that was 8-10 and 41-65 times higher than that in humans, respectively. The results obtained allow us to consider the safety profile of the prolonged use in humans as favorable.

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro genotoxicity studies of aqueous extract of Xanthium spinosum

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camila Martins Güez ◽  
Emily Pansera Waczuk ◽  
Karina Braccini Pereira ◽  
Marcus Vinícius Morini Querol ◽  
João Batista Teixeira da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Real Effects ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Cells With Micronuclei ◽  
In Vitro Genotoxicity

The use of plants as a source of palliative or cure for pathological conditions is quite common worldwide. Xanthium spinosum (Asteraceae), popularly known in Brazil as 'espinho de carneiro', is an annual weed from South America, which has been used by empiric medicine to treat neoplasias. Owing to the extensive use of the above-mentioned plant and to the lack of reports about the real effects of its infusion, current study evaluated the genotoxic potential of its aqueous extract at concentrations 0.02 g L-1, 0.1 g L-1 and 0.2 g L-1 by fish micronucleus test and by comet human leukocytes assay. The micronucleus test featured at least 50 cells with micronuclei to every 2,000 cells scored, as a mutagenic parameter. The comet assay was used as a parameter for assessing the level of cell damage and the damage index. Since no significant changes in strain cells exposed to the aqueous extract in the comet and micronucleus assays were reported, it seems that no genotoxicity evidence is extant at the concentrations and in the assays performed.

Cytogenetic Effects of the Insecticide Methamidophos in Mouse Bone Marrow and Cultured Mouse Spleen Cells*

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soheir M. Amer ◽  
Magdy A. Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Mouse Spleen ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Mutagenic Potential ◽  
Cells In Culture ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes

Abstract The cytogenetic effect of the insecticide methamidophos (0,S-dimethylphosphoroamidothiolate) was studied in mouse bone marrow and mouse spleen cells in culture. In vivo the ability of methamidophos to induce micronuclei and sisterchromatid exchange in mouse bone marrow was investigated. In vitro mouse spleen cells in culture were used to assess the ability of the insecticide to induce chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchange. Three different routes of application for the pure insecticide were tested so as to cover the different possibilities for human exposure to the insecticide. Intraperitoneal, oral and dermal treatment with metham idophos caused toxicity to marrow as indicated bv a significant increase in the percentage of polychromatic erythrocytes (PEs) over that of the control. Methamidophos showed mutagenic potential as evidenced by a positive response in the micronucleus and chromosomal aberrations assays. Thus, single and multiple i.p. injections at 6 and 4.5 mg methamidophos/kg body w t., oral administration of the insecticide for 14 consecutive days at a dietary level of 100 ppm and multiple dermal treatments (total 4) with 24 mg/kg body wt. induced a statistically significant increase in the frequency of PEs with micronuclei in mouse bone marrow. Moreover, the tested concentrations of m etham idophos as low as 0.25 ng/ml induced a high percentage of metaphases with chromosomal aberrations in cultured mouse spleen cells. Methamidophos is a weak inducer of SCEs in mouse bone marrow and cultured mouse spleen cells.

scholarly journals Antimutagenic Effects of Polymethoxy Flavonoids of Citrus unshiu

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Matsumoto ◽  
Taisuke Nishikawa ◽  
Ayano Furukawa ◽  
Saki Itano ◽  
Yuka Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Citrus Unshiu ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Edible Fruit

Citrus fruits have been used as edible fruit and traditional medicine for various diseases such as cancer. In the courses of our study to find antimutagens, we have found that the ethanolic extract of the peel of Citrus unshiu Marc showed antimutagenic effects against several mutagens in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain. Three polymethoxy flavonoids, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin, were identified in the extract as major constituents. These three polymethoxy flavonoids showed antimutagenic effects in the Ames test in vitro and in the micronucleus test in vivo.

Genetic Toxicity Studies of the Ketogenic Ester Bis Hexanoyl (R)-1,3-Butanediol

2021 ◽  
pp. 109158182199177
Author(s):  
Brianna J. Stubbs ◽  
Andrey I. Nikiforov ◽  
Marisa O. Rihner ◽  
Sari Weston ◽  
Nancy Higley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Mutagenic Activity ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Genetic Toxicity ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes

A series of studies was conducted to assess the genetic toxicity of a novel ketone ester, bis hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (herein referred to as BH-BD), according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development testing guidelines under the standards of Good Laboratory Practices. In bacterial reverse mutation tests, there was no evidence of mutagenic activity in any of the Salmonella typhimurium strains tested or in Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, at dose levels up to 5,000 μg/plate in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver (S9 mix) for metabolic activation. In the in vitro micronucleus test using human TK6 cells, BH-BD did not show a statistically significant increase in the number of cells containing micronuclei when compared with concurrent control cultures at all time points and at any of the concentrations analyzed (up to 100 μg/mL, final concentration in culture medium), with and without S9 mix activation. In the in vivo micronucleus test using Sprague Dawley rats, BH-BD did not show a statistically significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes relative to the vehicle control group. Therefore, BH-BD was concluded to be negative in all 3 tests. These results support the safety assessment of BH-BD for potential use in food.

scholarly journals APPLICABILITY OF THE AMES TEST AND MICRONUCLEUS TEST IN VIVO FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE EQUIVALENCE OF PESTICIDE TECHNICAL GRADE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS COMPARED TO ORIGINAL ACTIVE SUBSTANCES

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Ilyushina ◽  
O. V. Egorova ◽  
Yu. A. Revazova
Keyword(s):  
Ames Test ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Technical Products ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Active Substances

Introduction. Analogs of pesticides may differ from the original products in their properties because of the elevated level or the modified composition of the impurities. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the equivalence of such analogs using a number of criteria, including mutagenicity, to ensure their safety. The article compares the results of the research of genotoxic effects of technical grade active ingredients of pesticides in vitro and in vivo conditions to assess the applicability of such methods for equivalence determination of analogs of pesticides to patented products. Material and methods. The genotoxicity of 99 technical grade active ingredients of pesticides (59 names) was studied in vitro (Ames test) and in vivo. Results. In the Ames test mutagenic dose-dependent effects were revealed in the study of technical products of mesotrione, dimethoate, and pendimethalin both in the presence and in the absence of a metabolic activation system.In the in vivo test, a statistically significant dose-dependent increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes in mouse bone marrow was detected after administration of six technical products mesotrione, pyrimiphos-methyl, dimethoate, glyphosate (2 products), isoproturon. Furthermore, different levels of genotoxic effects were found with technical materials of the same active ingredient from various productions, probably due to differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of impurities. Conclusion. The present study indicated that in vitro and in vivo tests do not always demonstrate the same results of the genotoxicity assessment. Therefore, the use of only one bacterial reverse mutation test may not be sufficient to determine the equivalence of technical grade active ingredients of pesticides to the original active substances. To obtain а reliable evidence for the safe use of analogs of pesticides, it is necessary to usе at least two methods on different test objects.

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