scholarly journals Antimutagenic Effects of Polymethoxy Flavonoids of Citrus unshiu

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Matsumoto ◽  
Taisuke Nishikawa ◽  
Ayano Furukawa ◽  
Saki Itano ◽  
Yuka Tamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Citrus Unshiu ◽  
Citrus Fruits ◽  
Edible Fruit

Citrus fruits have been used as edible fruit and traditional medicine for various diseases such as cancer. In the courses of our study to find antimutagens, we have found that the ethanolic extract of the peel of Citrus unshiu Marc showed antimutagenic effects against several mutagens in the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 strain. Three polymethoxy flavonoids, nobiletin, 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone, and tangeretin, were identified in the extract as major constituents. These three polymethoxy flavonoids showed antimutagenic effects in the Ames test in vitro and in the micronucleus test in vivo.

scholarly journals Evaluation of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and chronic toxicity of antiviral drug imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid in in vitro and in vivo test systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-557
Author(s):  
E. A. Jain ◽  
D. Pleimes ◽  
A. A. Globenko
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Human Lymphocytes ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Systemic Exposure

Introduction. The antiviral properties of imidazolyl ethanamide pentandioic acid (IPA), the active compound of the drug product, has been proven in various experimental models. However, the literature data on the toxicological properties of IPA are limited.Purpose. To evaluate mutagenic and genotoxic properties in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as to study the toxicity of IPA following chronic oral administration to rats and dogs.Materials and methods. Mutagenic and genotoxic properties of IPA were assessed using the Ames test, the test of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes, and the micronucleus test in rats. The chronic toxicity of IPA was studied in Sprague Dawley rats and beagle dogs of both sexes, to which IPA was administered orally at doses of 30-300 mg/kg/day for 26 and 39 weeks, respectively.Results and discussion. In the Ames test, the addition of IPA up to the maximum dose (5000 mcg/plate) did not result in the increase in the number of revertant colonies. At a concentration of up to 5000 mcg/ml, IPA did not cause chromosomal aberrations in human leukocytes. At doses doses ≤ 2000 mg/kg, IPA did not increase the amount of micronuclei in the bone marrow of rats. In chronic experiments, animals tolerated the administration of IPA well: the dose without an observed effect (NOEL) for rats and dogs was 300 mg/kg/day.Conclusion. IPA did not show mutagenic and genotoxic properties in standard in vitro and in vivo tests. With chronic oral administration to rats and dogs, NOEL IPA equal to 300 mg/kg/day provided a systemic exposure that was 8-10 and 41-65 times higher than that in humans, respectively. The results obtained allow us to consider the safety profile of the prolonged use in humans as favorable.

scholarly journals In Vitro Genotoxicity Assessment from the Glycyrrhiza New Variety Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10257
Author(s):  
Young-Jae Song ◽  
Dong-Gu Kim ◽  
Jeonghoon Lee ◽  
Wonnam Kim ◽  
Hyo-Jin An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ames Test ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Mouse Bone Marrow ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Polychromatic Erythrocytes ◽  
Chromosome Aberration Test ◽  
In Vitro Genotoxicity

The various species that comprise the genus Glycyrrhiza (Licorice) have long been used as oriental herbal medicines in Asian countries. Wongam (WG), which is a new variety of Glycyrrhiza, was developed in Korea to overcome the limitations of low productivity, environmental restrictions, and an insufficient presence of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritigenin. In this study, we evaluated WG extract’s genotoxicity through an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (AMES) test, an in vitro chromosome aberration test, and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. In the AMES test, WG extract at concentrations of up to 5000 µg/plate showed no genotoxicity regardless of S9 mix. No chromosome aberrations appeared after 6 h in 1400 µg/mL WG extract regardless of S9 mix or in 1100 µg/mL WG extract after 24 h without S9 mix. Nor was there a significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes up to 5000 mg/kg/day for 2 days detected in the micronucleus test. These results confirm that WG extract is safe for use as an herbal medicine, as it precipitates no detectable genotoxic effects.

scholarly journals Genotoxic properties of some organophosphate pesticides

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
О.В. Егорова ◽  
Н.А. Илюшина ◽  
Н.С. Аверьянова ◽  
Л.А. Кара ◽  
Ю.В. Демидова ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ames Test ◽  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Technical Grade ◽  
Mammalian Erythrocyte ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Mutagenic Effects

С использованием теста Эймса и микроядерного теста in vivo на эритроцитах млекопитающих изучена генотоксичность некоторых фосфорорганических пестицидов, применяемых в сельском хозяйстве. Технические продукты хлорпирифоса и диазинона не проявляли генотоксичности ни в условиях in vitro, ни in vivo. Выявлены слабые мутагенные эффекты диметоата на штаммах бактерий. Некоторые технические продукты глифосата, диметоата, а также пиримифос-метил индуцировали цитогенетические нарушения у мышей линии CD-1. Наблюдаемые эффекты in vivo были низкими даже на уровне максимальных переносимых доз, поэтому все исследованные фосфорорганические пестициды могут быть отнесены к 3 или 4 классам опасности по критерию «мутагенность» согласно принятой в Российской Федерации классификации. The genotoxicity of some organophosphate pesticides applied in agriculture was studied using the Ames test and the mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test in vivo. Technical grade active ingredients (TGAI) of chlorpyrifos and diazinon did not show genotoxicity either in vitro or in vivo. The weak mutagenic effects of dimethoate were revealed with bacterial strains. Some TGAIs of glyphosate, dimethoate, and pyrimifos-methyl induced cytogenetic abnormalities in CD-1 mice. The observed effects in vivo were low even at the maximum tolerated doses. Therefore, according to the pesticide hygienic classification adopted in the Russian Federation all studied organophosphate pesticides can be assigned a 3 or 4 class of hazard upon the criterion “mutagenicity”.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Subchronic Toxicity and Genotoxicity of Ethanolic Extract of Aster glehni Leaves and Stems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mi Kyung Lim ◽  
Ju Yeon Kim ◽  
Jeongho Jeong ◽  
Eun Hye Han ◽  
Sang Ho Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Micronucleus Test ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Animal Toxicity ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Chromosomal Aberration Test

Aster glehni, a traditional plant on Ulleung Island in the Republic of Korea, has been recognized for its multiple medicinal properties. However, potential toxicity and safety analyses of A. glehni have not been previously investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the safety profile of ethanolic extract of A. glehni leaves and stems (EAG) in terms of genotoxicity and subchronic oral animal toxicity under OECD guidelines and GLP conditions. Toxicological assessments were performed at doses of 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 mg/kg/day in a 13-week oral repeated-dose toxicity study of EAG in male and female SD rats. In addition, an Ames test, an in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and a micronucleus test were performed. No toxicological changes in clinical signs, body weights, water and food consumption, urinalysis, hematology, clinical biochemistry, gross findings, and histopathological examinations were observed in subchronic oral animal toxicity. In addition, EAG gave negative results when evaluated using in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity tests. In conclusion, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of EAG was considered to be 5,000 mg/kg/day, and no target organs were identified in both sexes of rats. EAG was also classified as nonmutagenic and nonclastogenic in genotoxicity testing. Collectively, these results show a lack of general toxicity and genotoxicity for EAG that supports clinical work for development as a herbal medicine.

scholarly journals Mutagenicity of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines in Salmonella typhimurium YG strains and transgenic rodents including gpt delta

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiko Nohmi ◽  
Masahiko Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Ames Test ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Metabolic Activation ◽  
Reporter Genes ◽  
Heterocyclic Amines ◽  
In Vivo Mutagenicity

AbstractChemical carcinogens to humans have been usually identified by epidemiological studies on the relationships between occupational or environmental exposure to the agents and specific cancer induction. In contrast, carcinogenic heterocyclic amines were identified under the principle that mutagens in bacterial in the Ames test are possible human carcinogens. In the 1970s to 1990s, more than 10 heterocyclic amines were isolated from pyrolysates of amino acids, proteins, meat or fish as mutagens in the Ames test, and they were demonstrated as carcinogens in rodents. In the 1980s and 1990s, we have developed derivatives of the Ames tester strains that overexpressed acetyltransferase of Salmonella typhimurium. These strains such as Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 exhibited a high sensitivity to the mutagenicity of the carcinogenic heterocyclic amines. Because of the high sensitivity, YG1024 and other YG strains were used for various purposes, e.g., identification of novel heterocyclic amines, mechanisms of metabolic activation, comparison of mutagenic potencies of various heterocyclic amines, and the co-mutagenic effects. In the 1990s and 2000s, we developed transgenic mice and rats for the detection of mutagenicity of chemicals in vivo. The transgenics were generated by the introduction of reporter genes for mutations into fertilized eggs of mice and rats. We named the transgenics as gpt delta because the gpt gene of Escherichia coli was used for detection of point mutations such as base substitutions and frameshifts and the red/gam genes of λ phage were employed to detect deletion mutations. The transgenic rodents gpt delta and other transgenics with lacI or lacZ as reporter genes have been utilized for characterization of mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines in vivo. In this review, we summarized the in vitro mutagenicity of heterocyclic amines in Salmonella typhimurium YG strains and the in vivo mutagenicity in transgenic rodents. We discussed the relationships between in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity of the heterocyclic amines and their relations to the carcinogenicity.

scholarly journals In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Benjakul: A Potential Medicinal Product from Thai Traditional Medicine

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Pranporn Kuropakornpong ◽  
Arunporn Itharat ◽  
Sumalee Panthong ◽  
Seewaboon Sireeratawong ◽  
Buncha Ooraikul
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Pge2 Production ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Edema Model ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Benjakul (BJK) is a Thai traditional remedy consisting of five plants: Piper chaba Hunt., Piper sarmentosum Roxb., Piper interruptum Opiz., Plumbago indica Linn., and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. It is used as a first-line drug to balance patient’s symptoms before other treatments. BJK ethanolic extract has been reported to show anti-inflammatory activity through various mediators, e.g., nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Therefore, BJK could serve as a potential novel anti-inflammatory herbal medicine. However, studies on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), one of the key mediators in acute inflammation, and anti-inflammation in animal models (in vivo) have not been done. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of BJK extract and some of its chemical compounds against PGE2 production in murine macrophage (RAW 264.7) cell line and two in vivo models of anti-inflammatory studies. Ethanolic extract of BJK (BJK[E]) showed high inhibitory activity against PGE2 production with an IC50 value of 5.82 ± 0.10 μg/mL but its water extract (BJK[W]) was inactive. Two chemicals from BJK[E], i.e., plumbagin and myristicin, which served as biological markers, showed strong activity with IC50 values of 0.08 ± 0.01 and 1.80 ± 0.06 μg/mL, respectively. BJK[E] was administered both topically and orally to rats inhibited with inflammation induced by ethyl phenylpropiolate (rat ear edema model) and carrageenan (hind paw edema model). Moreover, the biological activity of BJK extract did not reduce after six-month storage under accelerated condition (40°C, 75% RH). This indicated its stability and a 24-month shelf-life under normal condition. These results supported not only the use of BJK in Thai traditional medicine but also the possibility of further development of phytopharmaceutical products from BJK.

scholarly journals Zingiber zerumbet(L.) Smith: A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Chemical, and Pharmacological Uses

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Yob ◽  
S. Mohd. Jofrry ◽  
M. M. R. Meor. Mohd. Affandi ◽  
L. K. Teh ◽  
M. Z. Salleh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Biological Evaluation ◽  
Perennial Herb ◽  
Zingiber Zerumbet ◽  
Tropical Countries ◽  
Traditional Uses ◽  
Worm Infestation

Zingiber zerumbetSm., locally known to the Malay as “Lempoyang,” is a perennial herb found in many tropical countries, including Malaysia. The rhizomes ofZ. zerumbet, particularly, have been regularly used as food flavouring and appetizer in various Malays' cuisines while the rhizomes extracts have been used in Malay traditional medicine to treat various types of ailments (e.g., inflammatory- and pain-mediated diseases, worm infestation and diarrhea). Research carried out using differentin vitroandin vivoassays of biological evaluation support most of these claims. The active pharmacological component ofZ. zerumbetrhizomes most widely studied is zerumbone. This paper presents the botany, traditional uses, chemistry, and pharmacology of this medicinal plant.

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