Implementation of a Noise-Shaped Signaling System through Software-Defined Radio

Along with the development of electromagnetic weapons, Electronic Warfare (EW) has been rising as the future form of war. Especially in the area of wireless communications, high security defense systems such as Low Probability of Detection (LPD), Low Probability of Interception (LPI), and Low Probability of Exploitation (LPE) communication algorithms are being studied to prevent military force loss. One LPD, LPI, and LPE communication algorithm, physical-layer security, has been discussed and studied. We propose a noise signaling system, a type of physical-layer security, which modifies conventionally modulated I/Q data into a noise-like shape. To suggest the possibility of realistic implementation, we use Software-Defined Radio (SDR). Since there are certain hardware limitations, we present the limitations, requirements, and preferences of practical implementation of the noise signaling system. The proposed system uses ring-shaped signaling, and we present a ring-shaped signaling system algorithm, SDR implementation methodology, and performance evaluations of the system using the metrics of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Probability of Modulation Identification (PMI), which we obtain by using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. We conclude that the ring-shaped signaling system can perform high LPI/LPE communication functioning because an eavesdropper cannot obtain the correct modulation scheme information. However, the performance can vary with the configurations of the I/Q data-modifying factors.

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A Spectrum Efficient Spatial Polarized QAM Modulation Scheme for Physical Layer Security in Dual-Polarized Satellite Systems

IEICE Transactions on Communications ◽

10.1587/transcom.2017ebp3145 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol E101.B (1) ◽

pp. 146-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhangkai LUO ◽

Huali WANG ◽

Huan HAO

Keyword(s):

Physical Layer Security ◽

Physical Layer ◽

Modulation Scheme ◽

Satellite Systems ◽

Qam Modulation ◽

Dual Polarized

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SDR Proof-of-Concept of Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Physical Layer Security

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21030856 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 856

Author(s):

André Silva ◽

Marco Gomes ◽

João P. Vilela ◽

Willie K. Harrison

Keyword(s):

Least Squares ◽

Software Defined Radio ◽

Physical Layer Security ◽

Physical Layer ◽

Recursive Least Squares ◽

Full Duplex ◽

Noise Generation ◽

Mean Square ◽

Least Mean Square ◽

Prototype Implementation

In order to secure wireless communications, we consider the usage of physical-layer security (PLS) mechanisms (i.e., coding for secrecy mechanisms) combined with self-interference generation. We present a prototype implementation of a scrambled coding for secrecy mechanisms with interference generation by the legitimate receiver and the cancellation of the effect of self-interference (SI). Regarding the SI cancellation, four state-of-the-art algorithms were considered: Least mean square (LMS), normalized least mean square (NLMS), recursive least squares (RLS) and QR decomposition recursive least squares (QRDRLS). The prototype implementation is performed in real-world software-defined radio (SDR) devices using GNU-Radio, showing that the LMS outperforms all other algorithms considered (NLMS, RLS and QRDRLS), being the best choice to use in this situation (SI cancellation). It was also shown that it is possible to secure communication using only noise generation by the legitimate receiver, though a variation of the packet loss rate (PLR) and the bit error rate (BER) gaps is observed when moving from the fairest to an advantageous or a disadvantageous scenario. Finally, when noise generation was combined with the adapted scrambled coding for secrecy with a hidden key scheme, a noteworthy security improvement was observed resulting in an increased BER for Eve with minor interference to Bob.

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Performance Analysis of Two-Hop mmWave Relay Nodes over the 5G NR Uplink Signal

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11135828 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (13) ◽

pp. 5828

Author(s):

Randy Verdecia-Peña ◽

José I. Alonso

Keyword(s):

Channel Coding ◽

Software Defined Radio ◽

Relay Node ◽

Least Square ◽

The Other ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Modulation Scheme ◽

Amplify And Forward ◽

Relay Nodes ◽

Qam Modulation

In this paper, the uplink in a two-hop 5G new radio co-operative system using Relay Nodes (RNs) in millimeter bands has been simulated and studied. We focus on an uplink Amplify-and-Forward Relay Node (A&F RN) and Decode-and-Forward Relay Node (D&F RN) with an mmWave-band transceiver chain (Tx/Rx). We study two uplink mmWave MIMO D&F relaying protocols assuming, firstly, the complete knowledge of the uplink channel and, secondly, the uplink channel estimation through a Least Square (LS) algorithm. To verify the benefits of the proposed uplink mmWave MIMO co-operative network, a link-level co-operative simulator has been developed using MatlabTM and SimulinkTM software, where an indoor-to-outdoor scenario and mmWave transceiver with off-the shelf components are considered. The main novelty of this link-level co-operative simulator and the implemented relay nodes is the usage of signals with 5G NR features, such as UL-SCH transport channel coding and PUSCH generation, which are the other main contributions of this article. Based on the numerical results in terms of the achievable Bit Error Rate (BER) and throughput, we show that the two-hop uplink co-operative network substantially improves the performance in the communications between the NR-User Equipment (NR-UE) and the logical 5G Radio Node (gNodeB). For example, the results from using uplink mmWave NR-D&F protocols far exceed those achieved with the uplink mmWave NR-A&F algorithm; in the case of the 64-QAM modulation scheme for the SISO technique, an improvement of 6.5 Mbps was achieved using the D&F PCE protocol, taking into account that the 256-QAM constellation is higher by 4.05 Mbps. On the other hand, an average throughput enhancement of 28.77 Mbps was achieved when an uplink mmWave (2 × 4 × 4) D&F PCE strategy was used versus an uplink mmWave SISO D&F LS protocol for a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) = 20 dB and 64-QAM signal. However, an improvement of 56.42 Mbps was reached when a 256-QAM modulation scheme was employed. Furthermore, this paper introduces the first study to develop an uplink mmWave MIMO 5G co-operative network platform through a Software Defined Radio (SDR) from a practical implementation point of view.

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Secure Wireless Communications Based On Antenna Array Elements

International Journal of Technology and Management Research ◽

10.47127/ijtmr.v2i2.53 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 18-24

Author(s):

Shaddrack Yaw Nusenu

Keyword(s):

Wireless Communications ◽

Antenna Array ◽

Physical Layer Security ◽

Physical Layer ◽

Modulation Scheme ◽

Security Level ◽

Transmission Period ◽

Frequency Diverse Array ◽

Point To Point ◽

Intended Receiver

Configuration of antenna array system to offer directional dependent modulation has the capability of enhancing the security level of data transmission against eavesdroppers’ attacks. In this paper, Frequency diverse array (FDA) antenna for physical–layer security in wireless communications has been proposed. The proposed method provide a range and angle dependent directional modulation scheme using FDA with frequency increments to improve physical-layer security point-to-point communications. It maintains the objective of changing the progressive phase shifts at each symbol transmission. Thus the emitted pattern at each symbol transmission period will be range and angle dependent. Consequently, the proposed method offers a robust physical-layer security for wireless transmission, as the transmitted signal will be deliberately distorted along the undesired positions, but can be successfully decoded by the intended receiver position. Numerical results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Keywords: Frequency diverse array; Physical-layer security; Directional antenna modulation; Wireless communication; Range and angle dependent.

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